“…The CO2 increases the greenhouse effect and contributes to global warming [7][8][9][10]. Much effort has gone into research for materials which can be used as cement replacement or supplemental cementitious materials (SCMs) to reduce CO2 emissions [2,5,11], and the use of nonrenewable raw materials. Commonly used SCMs are fly ash, blast furnace slag [12], palm oil fuel ash, rice husk ash, elephant grass ash, bamboo stem ash, wood waste ash, corn cob ash [13], coal bottom ash, and sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA) [14], as well as silica fume (SF) [15].…”