Combined coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy and linear Raman spectroscopy for simultaneous temperature and multiple species measurements

Weikl, Markus C.; Beyrau, Frank; Kiefer, Johannes; Seeger, Thomas; Leipertz, Alfred

doi:10.1364/ol.31.001908

Cited by 42 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Beyrau et al [137,285] used pure-rotational CARS thermometry of nitrogen to measure the temporally resolved local cooling when a liquid iso-octane spray evaporated in a constant volume chamber. By additionally applying Raman spectroscopy Weikl et al [286] simultaneously determined mixture composition and gas temperature in gaseous and liquid propane injection systems. In the same propane gas injection process Seeger et al [212,213] used laser-induced gratings to measure the local equivalence ratio as a function of time after the start of injection.…”

Section: Multi-species and Multiplex Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Laser diagnostics and minor species detection in combustion using resonant four-wave mixing

Kiefer

Ewart

2011

Progress in Energy and Combustion Science

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129

112

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Laser-based methods have transformed combustion diagnostics in the past few decades. The high intensity, coherence, high spectral resolution and frequency tunability available from laser radiation has provided powerful tools for studying microscopic processes and macroscopic phenomena in combustion by linear and nonlinear optical processes. This review focuses on nonlinear optical techniques based on resonant four-wave mixing for non-intrusive measurements of minor species in combustion. The importance of minor species such as reaction intermediates is outlined together with the challenges they present for detection and measurement in the hostile environments of flames, technical combustors, and engines. The limitations of conventional optical methods for such measurements are described and the particular advantages of coherent methods using nonlinear optical techniques are discussed.The basic physics underlying four-wave wave mixing processes and theoretical models for signal calculation are then presented together with a discussion of how combustion parameters may be derived from analysis of signals generated in various four-wave mixing processes. The most important four-wave mixing processes, in this context, are then reviewed:Degenerate Four-Wave Mixing (DFWM), Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Scattering (CARS), Laser Induced Grating Spectroscopy (LIGS) and Polarization Spectroscopy (PS). In each case the fundamental physics is outlined to explain the particular properties and diagnostic advantages of each technique. The application of the methods mentioned to molecular physics studies of combustion species is then reviewed along with their application in measurement of concentration, temperature and other combustion parameters. Related nonlinear techniques and recent extensions to the ultra-fast regime are briefly reviewed. Finally practical considerations relevant to multi-dimensional and multi-species measurements, as well as applications in technical combustion systems are discussed.Keywords: nonlinear optical spectroscopy, four-wave mixing, combustion diagnostics, minor species detection, laser-induced gratings, polarization spectroscopy IntroductionEnergy from renewable sources such as solar and wind power is the goal of much current research and technological development. Combustion, however, is and is likely to remain for the foreseeable future, the most important energy source for heat, electrical power and especially for transportation. In technical combustion systems the chemical energy of fossil fuels such as coal, crude oil and natural gas is converted into heat through oxidation with oxygen from air. However, fossil fuel resources are limited and alternatives like biofuels [1] or novel technologies such as fuel cells [2] are not yet able to meet the demand. Consequently, for a sustainable use of fossil fuels it is desirable to further improve the efficiency, maintainability and reliability of existing combustion devices. Achieving such improvements depends upon an improved understanding of t...

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Section: Multi-species and Multiplex Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Laser diagnostics and minor species detection in combustion using resonant four-wave mixing

Kiefer

Ewart

2011

Progress in Energy and Combustion Science

Self Cite

129

112

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“…Simultaneous measurements of the temperature and the chemical composition are of great importance in the characterization of non-stationary combustion and spray systems. Weikl et al 128 combined pure rotational CARS and Raman spectroscopy to simultaneously determine the fuel evaporation and evaporative cooling in an injection process of liquid propane. The key in their approach was to select the laser wavelengths such that none of the signals coincided with any of the laser wavelengths to avoid interference from elastically scattered light.…”

Section: Combined Linear and Nonlinear Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…127 This method allowed the efficient reduction of elastically scattered light and enabled pure rotational CARS temperature measurements in a liquid iso-octane spray. Weikl et al 128 extended this technique and applied spontaneous Raman scattering spectroscopy simultaneously to obtain temperature and mixture composition measurements. Coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering was also used to investigate other technically relevant and practical combustion systems.…”

Section: Coherent Anti-stokes Raman Scatteringmentioning

confidence: 99%

Advanced Laser-Based Techniques for Gas-Phase Diagnostics in Combustion and Aerospace Engineering

Ehn

Zhu

et al. 2017

Appl Spectrosc

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Gaining information of species, temperature, and velocity distributions in turbulent combustion and high-speed reactive flows is challenging, particularly for conducting measurements without influencing the experimental object itself. The use of optical and spectroscopic techniques, and in particular laser-based diagnostics, has shown outstanding abilities for performing non-intrusive in situ diagnostics. The development of instrumentation, such as robust lasers with high pulse energy, ultra-short pulse duration, and high repetition rate along with digitized cameras exhibiting high sensitivity, large dynamic range, and frame rates on the order of MHz, has opened up for temporally and spatially resolved volumetric measurements of extreme dynamics and complexities. The aim of this article is to present selected important laser-based techniques for gas-phase diagnostics focusing on their applications in combustion and aerospace engineering. Applicable laser-based techniques for investigations of turbulent flows and combustion such as planar laser-induced fluorescence, Raman and Rayleigh scattering, coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering, laser-induced grating scattering, particle image velocimetry, laser Doppler anemometry, and tomographic imaging are reviewed and described with some background physics. In addition, demands on instrumentation are further discussed to give insight in the possibilities that are offered by laser flow diagnostics.

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“…In this context, the available methods include laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) using excitation at 193 or 226 nm; [8][9][10][11][12][13] vibrational and pure-rotational coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) spectroscopy; [14][15][16][17] and spontaneous Raman scattering. [18][19][20][21][22] Assuming thermal equilibrium, it is possible to determine the population of excited oxygen from a combined measurement of the ground state population and the temperature. However, this assumption can hardly be justified in the vicinity of the reaction zone in a flame where the complex chemistry produces nonequilibrium species such as radicals in electronically excited states.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Laser-Induced Fluorescence Detection of Hot Molecular Oxygen in Flames Using an Alexandrite Laser

et al. 2014

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The use of an alexandrite laser for laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) spectroscopy and imaging of molecular oxygen in thermally excited vibrational states is demonstrated. The laser radiation after the third harmonic generation was used to excite the B-X (0-7) band at 257 nm in the Schumann-Runge system of oxygen. LIF emission was detected between 270 and 380 nm, revealing distinct bands of the transitions from B(0) to highly excited vibrational states in the electronic ground state, X (v . 7). At higher spectral resolution, these bands reveal the common P-and R-branch line splitting. Eventually, the proposed LIF approach was used for single-shot imaging of the two-dimensional distribution of hot oxygen molecules in flames.

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Combined coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy and linear Raman spectroscopy for simultaneous temperature and multiple species measurements

Cited by 42 publications

References 14 publications

Laser diagnostics and minor species detection in combustion using resonant four-wave mixing

Laser diagnostics and minor species detection in combustion using resonant four-wave mixing

Advanced Laser-Based Techniques for Gas-Phase Diagnostics in Combustion and Aerospace Engineering

Laser-Induced Fluorescence Detection of Hot Molecular Oxygen in Flames Using an Alexandrite Laser

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