Combined behavioral and EEG evidence for the 70 Hz frequency selection of short‐term spinal cord stimulation in disorders of consciousness

Abstract

ObjectivesThis study investigated the prognostic effect of electroencephalography (EEG) instant effects of single spinal cord stimulation (SCS) on clinical outcome in disorders of consciousness (DOC) and the time‐dependent brain response during the recovery of consciousness prompted by SCS.MethodsTwenty three patients with DOC underwent short‐term SCS (stSCS) implantation operation. Then, all patients received the postoperative EEG test including EEG record before (T1) and after (T2) single SCS session. Subsequently, 2 weeks stSCS treatment was performed and revised coma recovery scale (CRS‐R) and EEG data were collected. Finally, they were classified into effective and ineffective groups at 3‐month follow‐up (T6).ResultsThe parietal‐occipital (PO) connectivity and clustering coefficients (CC) in the beta band of the effective group at the 1 week after the treatment (T5) were found to be higher than preoperative assessment (T0). Correlation analysis showed that the change in beta CC at T1/T2 was correlated with the change in CRS‐R at T0/T6. In addition, the change in PO connectivity and CC in the beta at T0/T5 were also correlated with the change in CRS‐R at T0/T5.ConclusionSCS may facilitate the recovery of consciousness by enhancing local information interaction in posterior brain regions. And the recovery can be predicted by beta CC in the EEG test.

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“…The significance of the 71 Hz frequency has not been fully substantiated; nevertheless, intriguing results have emerged from studies examining disorders of consciousness. Zhuang and colleagues [43] demonstrated that stimulating the spinal cord at 70 Hz in patients in a vegetative state elicited a positive EEG response. This stimulation increased parietal-occipital connectivity and beta frequencies.…”

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“…of severe patients [146][147][148] and can save many lives by monitoring epileptic seizures, status epilepticus, and acute ischemic stroke in real-time [146,149]. Zhuang et al reported spinal cord stimulation may facilitate the recovery of consciousness, and they used an EEG test to predict the process [150]. Thanks to the boom in deep learning, many deep learning models are developed and combined with EEG to detect mental fatigue [151], Parkinson's disease [152], depression [153], schizophrenia [154,155], epilepsy [156][157][158], and neurocognitive disorders [159,160].…”

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