Combined Analysis of Transcriptome and Metabolome Reveals the Potential Mechanism of the Enantioselective Effect of Chiral Penthiopyrad on Tomato Fruit Flavor Quality

Abstract

This study investigated the enantioselective effects of S-, R-, and rac-penthiopyrad (PEN) on the flavor quality of tomato fruit through the levels of sugars, acids, volatiles, and nutrients and explored the potential mechanism by combined analysis of the transcriptome and metabolome. The results revealed that the S-enantiomer increased the content of soluble sugars while decreasing the content of organic acids, thereby increasing the taste of tomato fruit. Furthermore, S-(+)-PEN promoted the accumulation of volatile compounds and nutrients (total phenols, flavonoids, and vitamin C). Transcriptome and metabolome data showed that the S-enantiomer improved fruit flavor and quality by influencing metabolites and genes in glycolysis, starch and sucrose metabolism, the citrate cycle, and amino acid biosynthesis pathways. However, R-(−)-PEN had a negative effect on tomato flavor. The effect of the racemate on fruit flavor quality was between a pair of enantiomers. The comprehensive data of PEN enantiomers will provide theoretical support for the application of PEN in tomatoes. Thus, developing enantiopure S-(+)-PEN products might be more conducive to the flavor and quality of the tomato fruit.

LC–MS and GC–MS Metabolomics Analyses Revealed That Different Exogenous Substances Improved the Quality of Blueberry Fruits under Soil Cadmium Toxicity

“…In addition, the TCA cycle serves as a hub for the metabolic linkage and interconversion of carbohydrates and amino acids, and its metabolic production of organic acids such as citric acid directly determines the acidity of the fruit. 47 In this study, ES treatment downregulated the levels of metabolites succinic acid, fumaric acid, isocitrate, and citric acid in blueberry fruits under soil Cd toxicity, which may be an important factor in the decreased TA in blueberry fruits (Figures 1H and 5B). Similarly, ESs can respond to abiotic stresses by regulating fruit organic acid accumulation or consumption.…”

“…Glutathione plays an active role in antioxidant and detoxification in plants, and the glutathione levels in blueberry fruits were significantly increased under Spd, EBR, and MT treatments (Figure D), suggesting that ESs can enhance the tolerance of blueberry fruits to soil Cd toxicity. In addition, the TCA cycle serves as a hub for the metabolic linkage and interconversion of carbohydrates and amino acids, and its metabolic production of organic acids such as citric acid directly determines the acidity of the fruit . In this study, ES treatment downregulated the levels of metabolites succinic acid, fumaric acid, isocitrate, and citric acid in blueberry fruits under soil Cd toxicity, which may be an important factor in the decreased TA in blueberry fruits (Figures H and B).…”

Integrated Analysis of Transcriptome and Metabolome Provides Insight into Camellia oleifera Oil Alleviating Fat Accumulation in High-Fat Caenorhabditis elegans

“…Metabolic pathway analysis was performed using MetaboAnalyst 5.0. The pathway with p value < 0.05 was considered to be a differential metabolic pathway [52].…”

Insights into the Mechanism of Flavor Loss in Strawberries Induced by Two Fungicides Integrating Transcriptome and Metabolome Analysis

“…In fact, there are many studies that have shown that some fungicides have adverse effects on plant growth and fruit quality. Liu et al found that R-penthiopyrad increased the content of organic acids in tomato fruit, thus reducing the sugar–acid ratio and making the fruit taste worse . It was reported that the application of difenoconazole reduced the content of amino acids and total phenols in tea and changed the volatile profiles …”

“…Liu et al found that R-penthiopyrad increased the content of organic acids in tomato fruit, thus reducing the sugar−acid ratio and making the fruit taste worse. 13 It was reported that the application of difenoconazole reduced the content of amino acids and total phenols in tea and changed the volatile profiles. 14 Based on previous studies, these two fungicides may have adverse effects on fruit quality.…”