Combined analysis of silk synthesis and hemolymph amino acid metabolism reveal key roles for glycine in increasing silkworm silk yields

Chen, Xuedong; Ye, Aihong; Wu, Xinke; Qu, Zhigang; Xu, Shiqiang; Sima, Yang-Hu; Wang, Yujun; He, Ruimin; Jin, Fang; Zhan, Pengfei; Cao, Jinru; Zhou, Wenlin

doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.04.143

Cited by 19 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 65 publications

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“…In this study, differentially transcribed genes related to apoptosis and hormones were screened (). These genes may promote the apoptosis of silk glands in silkworms reared on artificial diets, which is consistent with the findings of Chen et al (2022). Additionally, the differentially transcribed genes related to mitosis were also screened ().…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…It is hypothesized that one reason for the reduction of silkworm silk production caused by rearing on artificial diet is the disruption of amino acid metabolism and transport in silk glands. Previous studies have found that adding Leu-OMe to artificial diet can increase the activity of the amino acid transport system several times, and increasing the glycine content in the diet can improve the silk yield of silkworms (Leonardi et al 2001, Saad et al 2019, Chen et al 2022). In the future, it may be possible to eliminate the impact of disruptions in amino acid metabolism and transport through these methods.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of artificial diet rearing during all instars on silk secretion and gene transcription in Bombyx mori (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae)

Yin

Zhang

et al. 2023

Journal of Economic Entomology

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Silkworms (Bombyx mori) reared on artificial diets during all instars have the advantages of simplicity and efficiency, year-round production, and reduced risk of poisoning. However, low silk yield remains a challenge, limiting its industrial application. To address this issue, the spinning behavior, nutrient absorption, and transcriptomics of silkworms were investigated. Compared with silkworms reared on mulberry leaves during all instars, those fed with artificial diets showed significantly lower cocoon weight, cocoon shell weight, cocoon shell rate, and silk gland tissue somatic index at the end of the fifth instar (P < 0.01). The spinning duration and crawling distance of silkworms reared on artificial diets were also significantly lower than those reared on mulberry leaves (P < 0.01). Regarding nutrient absorption, the dietary efficiency indexes of silkworms fed with artificial diets were significantly lower than those fed with mulberry leaves, except for the efficiency conversion of digesta to cocoon (P < 0.01). Further RNA-Seq analysis revealed 386 differentially transcribed genes between the 2 groups, with 242 upregulated and 144 downregulated genes. GO enrichment analysis showed that differential transcriptional genes were mainly enriched in organic acid metabolism, oxidation–reduction, and drug catabolism. KEGG enrichment analysis showed that differential transcriptional genes were mainly enriched in genetic information processing and metabolism pathways. Our findings provide new insights into the silk secretion and can serve as a reference for future research and application of silkworms fed with artificial diets.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of artificial diet rearing during all instars on silk secretion and gene transcription in Bombyx mori (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae)

Yin

Zhang

et al. 2023

Journal of Economic Entomology

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“…It has been acknowledged that the three cocoon yield performance traits: the whole cocoon yield (WCY), the cocoon shell weight (CSW) and the cocoon shell rate (CSR) has drawn much attention in researches ( Ruan et al, 2021 ; Chen et al, 2022 ), for they being closely related to sericulture profits. The WCY consists of CSW and the pupae weight, which can be utilized to evaluate the growth and development of the silkworm larva and its cocooning ability.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, there is no standard for which levels could be more desirable of these three performance traits in the production owing to the variety differences. For example, the cocoon shell weight of silkworm variety “Zhong 2016×Ri 2016” was more than 0.40 and 0.35 g in the ML and FF silkworms, respectively ( Chen et al, 2022 ). In detail, the CSW and CSR of “Zhong 2016×Ri 2016” were decreased by 13.1 and 4.19% in the FF group, respectively ( Chen et al, 2022 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Multi-tissue metabolomic profiling reveals potential mechanisms of cocoon yield in silkworms (Bombyx mori) fed formula feed versus mulberry leaves

Chen

et al. 2022

Front. Mol. Biosci.

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Use of formula feed (FF) for silkworms for all instars, has promoted transformation and progress in traditional sericulture. However, the cocoon yield of FF silkworms has failed to reach that of silkworms fed mulberry leaves (ML). The biological mechanisms underlying this phenomenon have not been well described. This study aimed to identify metabolic mechanisms and potential biomarkers relating to the poor cocoon yield of FF silkworms. In this study, silkworms received treatments of either ML (ML group) or FF (FF group) for all instars. At the 3rd day of the 5th instar, the midgut (MG), hemolymph (HL) and posterior silk gland (PSG) were collected for the metabolome profiles detection. The remaining silkworms were fed ML or FF until cocooning for investigation. The whole cocoon yield (WCY) was significantly higher in the FF group than the ML group (p < 0.05), whereas the cocoon shell weight (CSW) and cocoon shell rate (CSR) were significantly lower in the FF group (p < 0.05). A total of 845, 867 and 831 metabolites were qualified and quantified in the MG, HL and PSG of the FF silkworms, respectively. Correspondingly, 789, 833 and 730 metabolites were quantified in above three tissues of the ML group. Further, 230, 249 and 304 significantly different metabolites (SDMs) were identified in the MG, HL and PSG between the FF and ML group, respectively. Eleven metabolic pathways enriched by the SDMs were mutual among the three tissues. Among them, cysteine and methionine metabolism, arginine biosynthesis, and arginine and proline metabolism were the top three pathways with the highest impact value in the PSG. Six biomarkers were obtained through biomarker analysis and Pearson correlation calculation. Among them, homocitrulline, glycitein, valyl-threonine, propyl gallate and 3-amino-2,3-dihydrobenzoic acid were positively correlated with WCY, but negatively correlated with CSW and CSR (p < 0.05). An opposite correlation pattern was observed between 3-dimethylallyl-4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate and the three cocoon performance traits. Overall, three key metabolic pathways and six biomarkers associated with cocoon yield were interpreted, and should provide directions for formula feed optimization in factory-raised silkworms.

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Wild cocoons, a reservoir of calcium oxalate; function and constraints

Hemachandran

Mohan

2023

Int J Trop Insect Sci

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Combined analysis of silk synthesis and hemolymph amino acid metabolism reveal key roles for glycine in increasing silkworm silk yields

Cited by 19 publications

References 65 publications

Effects of artificial diet rearing during all instars on silk secretion and gene transcription in Bombyx mori (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae)

Effects of artificial diet rearing during all instars on silk secretion and gene transcription in Bombyx mori (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae)

Multi-tissue metabolomic profiling reveals potential mechanisms of cocoon yield in silkworms (Bombyx mori) fed formula feed versus mulberry leaves

Wild cocoons, a reservoir of calcium oxalate; function and constraints

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