Combined Aerobic and Resistance Training Performed under Conditions of Normobaric Hypoxia and Normoxia Has the Same Impact on Metabolic Control in Men with Type 1 Diabetes

Abstract

(1) Background: The aim was to assess whether combined aerobic and resistance training performed under hypoxic and normoxic conditions had an impact on diabetes control, VO2max (maximum oxygen consumption), and echocardiological and anthropometric parameters in men with long-term type 1 diabetes. (2) Methods: Sixteen male participants (mean age: 37 years, mean HbA1c (glycated hemoglobin): 7.0%) were randomly assigned to two groups: training in normoxic conditions or training in conditions of altitude hypoxia. All subjects participated in 60 min combined aerobic and resistance training sessions twice a week for 6 weeks. At baseline and in the 6th week, echocardiography, incremental exercise test, and anthropometric and diabetes control parameters were assessed. (3) Results: After 6 weeks, there was no significant change in HbA1c value in any group. We noted a more stable glycemia profile during training in the hypoxia group (p > 0.05). Patients in the hypoxia group required less carbohydrates during training than in the normoxia group. A comparable increase in VO2max was observed in both groups (p > 0.05). There were no significant differences in cardiological and anthropometric parameters. (4) Conclusions: Combined aerobic and resistance training improved VO2max after 6 weeks regardless of the conditions of the experiments. This exercise is safe in terms of glycemic control in patients with well-controlled diabetes.

The Influence of COVID-19 in Endocrine Research: Critical Overview, Methodological Implications and a Guideline for Future Designs

“…As there is no information available regarding the compliance with facemask wearing among participants of similar studies, 13,[40][41][42][43][44] the literature review clearly indicates that face mask wearing practice (i.e., type of face mask, duration of wearing a face mask, etc.) can confound the results if proper methodological precautions are not taken.…”

“…When exposed to acute normobaric hypoxia, the blood glucose level in healthy persons remains constant. 40 Additionally, combined resistance and aerobic training in normoxia or normobaric hypoxia have no effect on metabolic control in men with type 1 diabetes 41 ; however, physical training in hypoxic conditions may partially enhance the favorable effects of exercise alone on myocellular insulin sensitivity in obese men with metabolic syndrome through changes in VEGF levels. 42 It’s interesting to note that patients with diabetic foot ulcers (DFU) have an inverse relationship between miR-210 and HIF-1 (hypoxia associated gene) expression, suggesting that miR-210 may control HIF-1 expression.…”

Kombinasi Aerobic dan Resistance Training terhadap Kontrol Glukosa Darah pada Pasien Diabetes Melitus (DM)

“…Hasil analisis dari 10 artikel menunjukkan bahwa terdapat 5 artikel yang mendukung penurunan HbA1c dan penurunan glukosa plasma puasa pada pasien DM baik glukosa puasa maupun postprandial, sedangkan terdapat dua artikel yang tidak mendukung hasil ini, yaitu pada penelitian Wrobel et al, (2021) dan Yan et al, (2019) tidak ditemukan perbedaan signifikan kadar perubahan HbA1c pada kelompok kontrol dan intervensi. Hal tersebut kemungkinan disebabkan karena perbedaan frekuensi latihan yang belum sesuai pada penelitian ini yaitu latihan hanya dilakukan selama dua kali seminggu selama 6 minggu, dimana ideal pelaksanaan aerobic training adalah 5-6 kali perminggu dan resistance training 2-3 kali perminggu dan efektivitas latihan akan terlihat setelah 8 minggu (Johansen et al, 2020;Silva et al, 2021).…”