Combinatorial Motor Training Results in Functional Reorganization of Remaining Motor Cortex after Controlled Cortical Impact in Rats

Combs, Hannah L; Jones, Theresa A.; Kozlowski, Dorothy A.; Adkins, DeAnna L.

doi:10.1089/neu.2015.4136

Cited by 18 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 55 publications

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“…TBI was induced in the forelimb representation area of the motor cortex by using the controlled cortical impact (CCI) method (27)(28)(29). This injury model produces a focal contusion injury and results in forelimb motor impairments.…”

Section: Surgerymentioning

confidence: 99%

Intra‐ and interregional coregulation of opioid genes: broken symmetry in spinal circuits

et al. 2017

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Regulation of the formation and rewiring of neural circuits by neuropeptides may require coordinated production of these signaling molecules and their receptors that may be established at the transcriptional level. Here, we address this hypothesis by comparing absolute expression levels of opioid peptides with their receptors, the largest neuropeptide family, and by characterizing coexpression (transcriptionally coordinated) patterns of these genes. We demonstrated that expression patterns of opioid genes highly correlate within and across functionally and anatomically different areas. Opioid peptide genes, compared with their receptor genes, are transcribed at much greater absolute levels, which suggests formation of a neuropeptide cloud that covers the receptor-expressed circuits. Surprisingly, we found that both expression levels and the proportion of opioid receptors are strongly lateralized in the spinal cord, interregional coexpression patterns are side specific, and intraregional coexpression profiles are affected differently by left- and right-side unilateral body injury. We propose that opioid genes are regulated as interconnected components of the same molecular system distributed between distinct anatomic regions. The striking feature of this system is its asymmetric coexpression patterns, which suggest side-specific regulation of selective neural circuits by opioid neurohormones.-Kononenko, O., Galatenko, V., Andersson, M., Bazov, I., Watanabe, H., Zhou, X. W., Iatsyshyna, A., Mityakina, I., Yakovleva, T., Sarkisyan, D., Ponomarev, I., Krishtal, O., Marklund, N., Tonevitsky, A., Adkins, D. L., Bakalkin, G. Intra- and interregional coregulation of opioid genes: broken symmetry in spinal circuits.

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Section: Surgerymentioning

confidence: 99%

Intra‐ and interregional coregulation of opioid genes: broken symmetry in spinal circuits

et al. 2017

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“…The motor cortex is crucial for skilled motor learning and voluntary control of movement. Motor repertoire is somatotopically mapped onto the cortex, and cortical movement representations (motor maps) are highly plastic in humans (Cohen et al, 1991;Classen et al, 1998;Karni et al, 1998), primates (Nudo et al, 1996, and rats (Kleim et al, 2004), exhibiting reorganization tuned by experience. Following damage to the motor cortex, mo-tor maps can reorganize to regain representation of affected body parts that were lost initially after the injury (Wittenberg, 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ipsilesional Motor Cortex Plasticity Participates in Spontaneous Hindlimb Recovery after Lateral Hemisection of the Thoracic Spinal Cord in the Rat

Brown

Martinez

2018

J. Neurosci.

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After an incomplete spinal cord injury (SCI) spontaneous motor recovery can occur in mammals, but the underlying neural substrates remain poorly understood. The motor cortex is crucial for skilled motor learning and the voluntary control of movement and is known to reorganize after cortical injury to promote recovery. Motor cortex plasticity has also been shown to parallel the recovery of forelimb function after cervical SCI, but whether cortical plasticity participates in hindlimb recovery after SCI remains unresolved. Using intracortical microstimulation (ICMS) mapping, behavioral and cortical inactivation techniques in the female Long-Evans rat, we evaluated the spontaneous cortical mechanisms of hindlimb motor recovery 1-5 weeks after lateral hemisection of the thoracic (T8) spinal cord that ablated the crossed corticospinal tract (CST) from the contralesional motor cortex while sparing the majority of the CST from the ipsilesional motor cortex. Hemisection initially impaired hindlimb motor function bilaterally but significant recovery occurred during the first 3 weeks. ICMS revealed time-dependent changes in motor cortex organization, characterized by a chronic abolishment of hindlimb motor representation in the contralesional motor cortex and the development of transient bilateral hindlimb representation in the ipsilesional motor cortex 3 weeks after hemisection, when significant behavioral recovery occurred. Consistently, reversible inactivation of the ipsilesional, but not the contralesional motor cortex, during skilled ladder walking 3 weeks after hemisection reinstated deficits in both hindlimbs. These findings indicate that the ipsilesional motor cortex transiently reorganizes after lateral hemisection of the thoracic spinal cord to support recovery of hindlimb motor function.

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“…In animal models, reorganization of motor maps has been observed101112 showing a post-stroke shrinkage of the paretic limb map, prevented by an early rehabilitation, which is also effective at improving motor function131415.…”

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confidence: 99%

Reducing GABAA-mediated inhibition improves forelimb motor function after focal cortical stroke in mice

Alia

Spalletti

Lai

et al. 2016

Sci Rep

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A deeper understanding of post-stroke plasticity is critical to devise more effective pharmacological and rehabilitative treatments. The GABAergic system is one of the key modulators of neuronal plasticity, and plays an important role in the control of “critical periods” during brain development. Here, we report a key role for GABAergic inhibition in functional restoration following ischemia in the adult mouse forelimb motor cortex. After stroke, the majority of cortical sites in peri-infarct areas evoked simultaneous movements of forelimb, hindlimb and tail, consistent with a loss of inhibitory signalling. Accordingly, we found a delayed decrease in several GABAergic markers that accompanied cortical reorganization. To test whether reductions in GABAergic signalling were causally involved in motor improvements, we treated animals during an early post-stroke period with a benzodiazepine inverse agonist, which impairs GABAA receptor function. We found that hampering GABAA signalling led to significant restoration of function in general motor tests (i.e., gridwalk and pellet reaching tasks), with no significant impact on the kinematics of reaching movements. Improvements were persistent as they remained detectable about three weeks after treatment. These data demonstrate a key role for GABAergic inhibition in limiting motor improvements after cortical stroke.

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Combinatorial Motor Training Results in Functional Reorganization of Remaining Motor Cortex after Controlled Cortical Impact in Rats

Cited by 18 publications

References 55 publications

Intra‐ and interregional coregulation of opioid genes: broken symmetry in spinal circuits

Intra‐ and interregional coregulation of opioid genes: broken symmetry in spinal circuits

Ipsilesional Motor Cortex Plasticity Participates in Spontaneous Hindlimb Recovery after Lateral Hemisection of the Thoracic Spinal Cord in the Rat

Reducing GABAA-mediated inhibition improves forelimb motor function after focal cortical stroke in mice

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