Combination of Sonodynamic and Photodynamic Therapy against Cancer Would Be Effective through Using a Regulated Size of Nanoparticles

Abstract

Nanoparticles have been used for many functional materials in nano-sciences and photo-catalyzing surface chemistry. The titanium oxide nanoparticles will be useful for the treatment of tumor by laser and/or ultrasound as the sensitizers in nano-medicine. We have studied the combination therapy of photo- and sono-dynamic therapies in an animal tumor model. Oral-administration of two sensitizers titanium oxide, 0.2%-TiO2 nanoparticles for sono-dynamic and 1 mM 5-aminolevulinic acid for photodynamic therapies have resulted in the best combination therapeutic effects for the cancer treatment. Our light microscopic and Raman spectroscopic studies revealed that the titanium nanoparticles were distributed inside the blood vessel of the cancer tissue (1–3 μm sizes). Among these nanoparticles with a broad size distribution, only particular-sized particles could penetrate through the blood vessel of the cancer tissue, while other particles may only exhibit the side effects in the model mouse. Therefore, it may be necessary to separate the optimum size particles. For this purpose we have separated TiO2 nanoparticles by countercurrent chromatography with a flat coiled column (1.6 mm ID) immersed in an ultrasonic bath (42 KHz). Separation was performed with a two-phase solvent system composed of 1-butanol-acetic acid-water at a volume ratio of 4:1:5 at a flow rate of 0.1 ml/min. Countercurrent chromatographic separation yielded fractions containing particle aggregates at 31 and 4400 nm in diameter.

Recent advances of sonodynamic therapy in cancer treatment

“…The results suggested that by combination of SDT and PDT, the sensitizer DVDMS could produce enhanced therapeutic effects on tumors and reduced toxicity on normal tissues. Miyoshi et al 81 used TiO 2 nanoparticles and 5-ALA respectively as sonosensitizer and photosensitizer for combination of SDT and PDT to treat cancer. Several combination forms were applied in an animal tumor model and oral-administrations of 0.2%-TiO 2 nanoparticles and 1 mM 5-ALA, respectively, followed by the ultrasonic and laser irradiations and achieved the strongest anti-tumor effects.…”

Hybrid Titanium Oxide/Polymer Amphiphilic Nanomaterials with Controlled Size for Drug Encapsulation and Delivery

“…This therapeutic strategy is of limited clinical relevance due to the high bandgap (≈3.2 eV) that requires UV light (which has poor tissue penetration and can also damage DNA) excitation to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS). Due to the ability of TiO 2 nanoparticles of controlled size and nanostructure to produce different ROS upon stimulation with low‐intensity ultrasound (US), they have been incipiently investigated in the sonodynamic therapy (SDT) of cancer in vitro . More recently, You et al demonstrated the efficacy of hydrophilized crystalline TiO 2 for the SDT of superficial and deep solid tumors in vivo .…”

Oral 4-(N)-stearoyl gemcitabine nanoparticles inhibit tumor growth in mouse models

“…It is also unknown exactly how the GemC18 in the GemC18-SLNs was absorbed into the blood circulation after oral gavage. It is thought that nanoparticles can be absorbed by enterocytes and microfold (M) cells in the small intestine [ 33 – 36 ], but Hu et al (2016) reported that data in their studies did not support the direct absorption of intact solid lipid nanoparticles that were orally administered to rodents [ 37 ]. Of course, GemC18 may be released from the GemC18-SLNs while in the GI tract and then absorbed directly similar to the absorption of the other lipids in diets.…”