Combination of flame atomic absorption spectrometry with ligandless-dispersive liquid- liquid microextraction for preconcentration and determination of trace amount of lead in water samples

Abstract

ABSTRACT.A new ligandless-dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction method has been developed for the separation and flame atomic absorption spectrometry determination of trace amount of lead(II) ion. In the proposed approach 1,2-dicholorobenzene and ethanol were used as extraction and dispersive solvents. Factors influencing the extraction efficiency of lead, including the extraction and dispersive solvent type and volume, pH of sample solution, concentration of chloride and extraction time were studied. Under the optimal conditions, the calibration curve was linear in the range of 7.0-6000 ng mL −1 of lead with R 2 = 0.9992 (n = 10) and detection limit based on three times the standard deviation of the blank (3Sb) was 0.5 ng mL −1 in original solution. The relative standard deviation for eight replicate determinations of 1.0 µg mL -1 lead was ±1.6%. The high efficiency of dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction to carry out the determination of trace amounts of lead in complex matrices was demonstrated. The proposed method has been applied for determination of trace amounts of lead in water samples and satisfactory results were obtained. The accuracy was checked by analyzing a certified reference material from the National Institute of Standard and Technology, Trace elements in water (NIST CRM 1643e).

Deep Eutectic Solvent-Based Microextraction of Lead(II) Traces from Water and Aqueous Extracts before FAAS Measurements

“…Mandlate et al [ 30 ] determined Pb(II) in soft drinks by applying dispersive liquid‒liquid microextraction (DLLME) with GF-AAS and reported LODs of 0.072 ng L −1 . Mohammedi et al [ 31 ] applied a ligandless-based dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction process for Pb(II) microextraction from water for flame atomic absorption spectrometry determination. Faraji and Helalizadeh [ 16 ] determined Pb(II) in urine by applying DLLME before ultraviolet and visible spectrophotometry with a linear range from 0.01 to 100 μg L −1 and relative standard deviations of 15.3%.…”

Sulfamethizole functionalized graphene oxide for in-vitro separation and determination lead in blood serum of battery manufactories workers by syringe filter-dispersive- micro solid phase extraction

“…Moreover, the sample preparation method is required for extracting of lead ions in different biological samples before determination by spectrometry techniques. Various sample preparation method such as liquid-phase microextraction or dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) [18,19], hydrophobic deep eutectic solvents based on microextraction techniques [20], the headspace solid-phase microextraction [21], the carriermediated hollow fiber liquid phase microextraction [22], the dispersive solid-phase extraction (DSPE) combined with ultrasound-assisted emulsification microextraction based on the solidification of floating organic drop (UAEME-SFO) [23], the microextraction based on precipitation [24], the magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE) [25], and dispersive-micro solid phase extraction procedure (D-µ-SPE) [26], were used for lead determination in different human matrixes. Between them, D-µ-SPE procedure is used in different matrixes by researchers.…”

Determination of malathion by homogeneous liquid-liquid micro extraction via flotation assistance combined with gas chromatography in water samples

“…The solvent microextraction technique such as dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) [18][19][20][21][22][23] which overcomes these problems by reducing the amount of the organic solvent have been used to extract and determination of OPPs pesticides [24]. Extraction solvents often used in DLLME are chlorobenzene, carbon tetrachloride and chloroform with higher density than water and all of which are potentially toxic to human and the environment.…”