“…1 OA was considered as the main cause of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) in 1981, causing gastric bowel dysfunction such as nausea, vomiting and diarrhea. 2 OA can inhibit the protein phosphatases PP1, PP2A, and PP2C through stimulating phosphorylation and altering intracellular calcium concentration, 3,4 resulting in pathological symptoms including abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. 5,6 In addition, OA possesses potential chronic toxicity including DNA damage, cellular structural damage, 7,8 nervous system [9][10][11] and immune function impairment, 12,13 and embryo development.…”