Combination of Carbon Nanofiber-Based Electrochemical Biosensor and Cotton Fiber: A Device for the Detection of the Middle-East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus

Abstract

The miniaturization of biosensors for point-of-care diagnosis is highly important in infection control. Electrochemical biosensors offer several advantages in diagnosis in terms of cost, disposability, portability, and sensitivity. Here, a miniaturized electrochemical immunosensor combined with cotton fiber for the detection of the Middle-East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is described. Taking advantage of the absorption capability of cotton, the nasal and saliva samples can be collected and directly transferred to the immunosensor surface for detection using a single tool. The immunosensor was fabricated on a disposable screen-printed electrode precoated with carbon nanofibers. The electrodes were functionalized with carboxyphenyl groups that were used for the immobilization of the spike protein of the MERS-CoV. A competitive detection scheme was employed using the antibody for the MERS-CoV spike protein, and the square-wave voltammetry technique was used for measurements. The biosensor tested after the cotton coating of the electrode exhibited excellent performance. The biosensor was capable of detecting the MERS-CoV spike protein within a concentration range from 0.1 pg•mL −1 to 1 μg•mL −1 with a limit of detection of 0.07 pg•mL, implying the high sensitivity of the method. The immunosensor did not exhibit any cross-reactivity against proteins from HCoV and Influenza A, indicating the excellent selectivity of this approach. Testing of the biosensor in nasal samples showed very high recovery percentages. This disposable biosensor can be used as a miniaturized device for the collection of samples and detection of the virus using a portable potentiostat connected to a smartphone.

Development of a label-free electrochemiluminescence biosensor for the sensitive detection of porcine gelatin using carbon nanostructured materials

“…This may be due to one dimensional (1-D) conically shaped CNHs having high surface area, high electrochemical conductivity, exceptional porosity and remarkable catalytic properties, 21 which enable them to give stable ECL intensity over CNFs electrode. 22 Further, in order to figure out the suitable and reproducible working ratio between selected nanomaterial (CNHs) and binder (NAF), we studied multiple probable ratios (i.e., 1:2, 2:1 and 1:3). Interestingly, 2:1 ratio of CNHs and NAF portrayed the highest ECL intensity over CNFs-SPE, which was chosen for further study (Fig.…”

“…23,34 This low limit of detection of the immunosensor could be due to the synergistic electrochemical conductive properties provided both by CNFs and CNHs. 21,22 Fig. 7: Analytical performance study of the proposed biosensor (A) Concentration dependent line graph from 1 pg mL -1 to 8 ng mL -1 : (a) 1 pgmL -1 , (b) 5 pgmL -1 , (c) 50 pgmL -1 , (d) 100 pgmL -1 , (e) 500 pgmL -1 , (f) 8 ngmL -1 ; (B) The calibration plot from 1 pgmL -1 to 8 ngmL -1 of porcine gelatin.…”

“…23,34 This low limit of detection of the immunosensor could be due to the synergistic electrochemical conductive properties provided by both CNFs and CNHs. 21,22 3.7 Label-free detection principle ECL scan rate study of the CNFs-SPE/CNHs/NAF/anti-gltn/BSA biosensor incubated with gelatin was performed to evaluate the electrochemical diffusion control process. The ECL scan rate study showed an increase in the ECL signal with an increase in the scan rate (Fig.…”

“…21 Further, CNFs have a large electrochemical surface area and high electronic conductivity. 22 Moreover, a [Ru(bpy) 3 ] 2+ /TPrA system has demonstrated excellent ECL signal over a CNFbased electrode. 23 In recent years, the ECL technique has obtained remarkable attention in the development of biosensors due to its versatility and stability.…”

Inkjet Printing: A Viable Technology for Biosensor Fabrication

“…In Section 3.2, enzyme-based biosensors are reviewed, while in Section 3.3, the discussion related to the non-enzymatic biosensors has been included. Glucose sensor [82] Glucose, glutamate, lactate sensor [83] pH sensor [84] Uric Acid sensor [85] Dopamine detection [86] SARS-CoV-2 [87,88] MERS-CoV [89] Escherichia coli (E. coli) [90] Inkjet Printing Multianalyte (pH, Protein, Glucose) sensor Drop-on-demand (DOD), maskless, can create patterns on non-planar surfaces, well-defined patterning, simple, capacity for mass production [91] Nozzle clogging, highly specified ink formulation, limited resolution Ammonia sensor [92] Pathogen detection [93] Bienzymatic Glucose biosensor [94] Calorimetric sensor/ H 2 O 2 detection [95,96] H 2 O 2 and glucose detection [97] Pressure ulcer detection [98] Wearable biosensor detection system/norovirus detection [99] HIV-related ssDNA detection [100] Multiplexed biosensor [101] Protein detection [102] SARS-CoV-2 detection [103] Table 1. Cont.…”