Combination Catalysts Consisting of a Homogeneous Catalyst Tethered to a Silica-Supported Palladium Heterogeneous Catalyst:  Arene Hydrogenation

Rhodium and Iridium Nanoparticles Entrapped in Aluminum Oxyhydroxide Nanofibers: Catalysts for Hydrogenations of Arenes and Ketones at Room Temperature with Hydrogen Balloon

“…[4] Finke et al reported that metal nanoparticles act as catalysts for the hydrogenation of arenes and ketones. [5] As recyclable catalysts, molecular rhodium catalysts tethered to a palladium-silica support [6] or ionic copolymer [7] have been reported. Arene hydrogenation has been performed under various conditions such as liquid-liquid biphasic conditions, [8] ionic liquid conditions, [9] and supercritical CO 2 conditions.…”

Ultrastable 3V-PPh3 polymers supported single Rh sites for fixed-bed hydroformylation of olefins

“…Heterogeneous catalysts, on the other hand, exhibiting relatively low activity and selectivity, usually consist of solids which can be easily separated and recycled [2]. Therefore, heterogenization of homogeneous catalysts by anchoring the active molecular complexes is expected to provide catalytic systems that combine the advantages of both homogenous and heterogeneous catalysts [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15]. For this purpose, many different approaches have been explored.…”

“…For this purpose, many different approaches have been explored. Well-known strategies for immobilizing active molecular complexes in the past decades include: (1) grafting molecular complexes to polymer resins or inorganic oxides [6,7], (2) immobilizing them on porous materials by covalent linking through aliphatic phosphorus or amine-based spacer [12], (3) in situ formation of Rh-P complexes on the surfaces of heterogeneous catalysts [9,10,16,17]. These approaches not only focus on reutilization of the catalysts but also on the potential enhancement of their activity and selectivity.…”

Ionic-liquid-like copolymer stabilized nanocatalysts in ionic liquids: II. Rhodium-catalyzed hydrogenation of arenes

“…The hydrogenation of benzene and arenes, which is accomplished using heterogeneous catalysts almost exclusively [13,14], molecular precatalysts immobilized on heterogeneous surfaces [15][16][17], supported nanoparticle [18], or soluble nanoparticle [19,20] systems, sometimes inadvertently derived from molecular precursors [21,22], represents an important industrial catalytic transformation, particularly for the production of cleaner-burning, low-aromatic diesel fuels [13]. The partial hydrogenation of arenas, which is far more difficult to realize, is equally important because it can help to simplify many multistage synthetic procedures and allow the use of alternative precursors [23].…”