Combating the Coronavirus Pandemic: Early Detection, Medical Treatment, and a Concerted Effort by the Global Community

Luo, Zichao; Ang, Melgious Jin Yan; Chan, Siew Yin; Yi, Zhigao; Goh, Yi Yiing; Yan, Shuangqian; Tao, Jun; Li, Kai; Li, Xiaosong; Zhang, Hongjie; Huang, Wei; Liu, Xiaogang

doi:10.34133/2020/6925296

Cited by 34 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 236 publications

(244 reference statements)

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“…Nucleic acid-based tests are prioritized for the symptomatic patients, but testing IgM and IgG antibodies is also considered indirect detection markers of SARS-CoV-2. Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) is considered as the ‘gold standard’ for laboratory-based serological specimens to detect SARS-CoV-2 [ 168 ]. Indirect ELISA uses immobilized proteins on a solid phase, especially on 96 well plate, to assess the presence of antibodies from the patient’s serum sample by creating an antigen-antibody complex ( Figure 7(A)) [ 169 ].…”

Section: Advances In Sars-cov-2 Diagnosismentioning

confidence: 99%

Diagnosis for COVID-19: current status and future prospects

Kabir

Ahmed²,

Iqbal

et al. 2021

Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics

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Introduction: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a respiratory illness caused by novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), had its first detection in December 2019 in Wuhan (China) and spread across the world. In March 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared COVID-19 a pandemic disease. The utilization of prompt and accurate molecular diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 virus, isolating the infected patients, and treating them are the keys to managing this unprecedented pandemic. International travel acted as a catalyst for the widespread transmission of the virus. Areas covered: This review discusses phenotype, structural, and molecular evolution of recognition elements and primers, its detection in the laboratory, and at point of care. Further, market analysis of commercial products and their performance are also evaluated, providing new ways to confront the ongoing global public health emergency. Expert commentary: The outbreak for COVID-19 created mammoth chaos in the healthcare sector, and still, day by day, new epicenters for the outbreak are being reported. Emphasis should be placed on developing more effective, rapid, and early diagnostic devices. The testing laboratories should invest more in clinically relevant multiplexed and scalable detection tools to fight against a pandemic like this where massive demand for testing exists.

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Section: Advances In Sars-cov-2 Diagnosismentioning

confidence: 99%

Diagnosis for COVID-19: current status and future prospects

Kabir

Ahmed²,

Iqbal

et al. 2021

Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Specimens from individuals with suspected infection must, therefore, be sent to these labs, increasing both the time and coordination requirements [ 65 ]. Thus, different alternatives have been proposed for improvements in the performance of the RT-qPCR assay with the use of high throughput platforms (or systems), which involve an automated workflow to enable high throughput testing with minimal hands-on time, and still offering fast, reliable results [ 66 ].…”

Section: Nucleic Acid-based Testsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Isothermal amplification technology was developed to eliminate the need for a high-precision instrument in RT-qPCR assays [ 66 ]. This technique is commonly used for the amplification of DNA and RNA and exhibits high sensitivity due to its exponential amplification feature and specificity as a result of the six different target sequences identified by four different primers simultaneously [ 99 , 100 ].…”

Section: Nucleic Acid-based Testsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Main Molecular and Serological Methods for Diagnosing COVID-19: An Overview Based on the Literature

Machado

Hodel

Barbosa-Júnior

et al. 2020

Viruses

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Diagnostic tests have been considered as the main alternative for the control of coronavirus disease (COVID-19), caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), as a correct diagnosis allows for decision making when facing the disease, particularly as there is a lack of effective therapeutic protocols and vaccines. Thus, in this review, we summarized the main diagnostic approaches currently available for the diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection in humans based on studies available in article databases. The tests can be organized into two main categories: nucleic acid-based tests, recommended for the initial detection of the virus, and serological tests, recommended for assessing the disease progression. The studies have shown that the performance of diagnostic methods depends on different factors, such as the type of samples and the characteristics of each assay. It was identified that the positivity of the tests is mainly related to the onset of symptoms. We also observed that point-of-care diagnoses are considered as one of the main trends in this area, due to the low-cost and simplicity of the assay; however, the analytical performance must be critically analyzed. Thus, the COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the critical role of diagnostic technologies in the control of infectious diseases.

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“…Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) assay is the gold standard recommended to test for acute SARS-CoV-2 infection [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 ]. It has been used by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and several other companies in their Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) assays [ 7 , 9 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Rapid SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR Assay for Low Resource Settings

Arumugam

Faron

et al. 2020

Diagnostics

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Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) assay is the gold standard recommended to test for acute SARS-CoV-2 infection. However, it generally requires expensive equipment such as RNA isolation instruments and real-time PCR thermal cyclers. As a pandemic, COVID-19 has spread indiscriminately, and many low resource settings and developing countries do not have the means for fast and accurate COVID-19 detection to control the outbreak. Additionally, long assay times, in part caused by slow sample preparation steps, have created a large backlog when testing patient samples suspected of COVID-19. With many PCR-based molecular assays including an extraction step, this can take a significant amount of time and labor, especially if the extraction is performed manually. Using COVID-19 clinical specimens, we have collected evidence that the RT-qPCR assay can feasibly be performed directly on patient sample material in virus transport medium (VTM) without an RNA extraction step, while still producing sensitive test results. If RNA extraction steps can be omitted without significantly affecting clinical sensitivity, the turn-around time of COVID-19 tests, and the backlog we currently experience can be reduced drastically. Furthermore, our data suggest that rapid RT-PCR can be implemented for sensitive and specific molecular diagnosis of COVID-19 in locations where sophisticated laboratory instruments are not available. Our USD 300 set up achieved rapid RT-PCR using thin-walled PCR tubes and a water bath setup using sous vide immersion heaters, a Raspberry Pi computer, and a single servo motor that can process up to 96 samples at a time. Using COVID-19 positive clinical specimens, we demonstrated that RT-PCR assays can be performed in as little as 12 min using untreated samples, heat-inactivated samples, or extracted RNA templates with our low-cost water bath setup. These findings can help rapid COVID-19 testing to become more accessible and attainable across the globe.

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Combating the Coronavirus Pandemic: Early Detection, Medical Treatment, and a Concerted Effort by the Global Community

Cited by 34 publications

References 236 publications

Diagnosis for COVID-19: current status and future prospects

Diagnosis for COVID-19: current status and future prospects

The Main Molecular and Serological Methods for Diagnosing COVID-19: An Overview Based on the Literature

A Rapid SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR Assay for Low Resource Settings

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