Combating Malnutrition in Ethiopia

Rajkumar, Andrew Sunil; Gaukler, Christopher; Tilahun, Jessica

doi:10.1596/978-0-8213-8765-8

Cited by 15 publications

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“…Ethiopia serves as an interesting case study for research on the gendered effects of land tenure reforms because it is one of the most gender unequal countries and has some of the world’s poorest health outcomes: it was ranked 127 out of 142 countries in the gender equality rankings compiled by the World Economic Forum (2014); in 2004, 47% of children under five were stunted (low height-for-age) and 37% were underweight (low weight-for-age) (Rajkumar, Gaukler, & Tilahun, 2011) and 73.6 per 1000 live births did not survive to age five years (United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, 2013). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Women’s Land Tenure Security and Household Human Capital: Evidence from Ethiopia’s Land Certification

Muchomba

2017

World Development

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This paper examines the impact of Ethiopia’s gendered land certification programs on household consumption of healthcare, food, education, and clothing. Ethiopia embarked on a land tenure reform program in 1998, after years of communism during which all land was nationalized. The reform began in Tigray region where land certificates were issued to household heads, who were primarily male. In a second phase carried out in 2003–2005, three other regions issued land certificates jointly to household heads and spouses, presenting variation in land tenure security by gender. Results using household panel data show that joint land certification to spouses was accompanied by increased household consumption of healthcare and homegrown food and decreased education expenditure, compared to household-head land certification. Joint land certification was also accompanied by increased consumption of women’s and girls’ clothing, and decreased men’s clothing expenditures indicating results may be explained by a shift in the gender balance of power within households. Analysis on the incidence and duration of illness indicates that increased healthcare expenditures after joint land certification may be due to joint certification households seeking more effective treatment than head-only certification households for household members who fell ill or suffered injuries.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Women’s Land Tenure Security and Household Human Capital: Evidence from Ethiopia’s Land Certification

Muchomba

2017

World Development

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“…Climate change, namely rainfall, drought, and temperature change, does predict some of the variation in child stunting in Ethiopia ( 18 , 76 ), whereas the limited evidence of the impact of food shocks on stunting outcomes tends to show a lack of association ( 78 , 79 , 80 ). Increased wealth was found to be positively associated with HAZ and thus negatively associated with stunting in a large number of studies ( 16 , 17 , 19–21 , 23–27 , 29 , 31 , 34 , 37 , 38 , 47 , 60 , 66 , 77 , 81 , 82 , 83 , 96 ), whereas some found no association ( 30 , 48 , 64 , 84 , 85 ). Women's empowerment was difficult to quantify, and studies examining this variable suggested that the impact of proxies such as households being headed by women ( 23 , 25 , 30 , 32 , 47 ), women's autonomy ( 85 ), and mothers’ employment ( 26 , 37 , 48 , 86 ) had conflicting or no association with HAZ in Ethiopia.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The highlands of Ethiopia are well-suited for settlement because they are dense in moist forests and wetlands. In these areas, there is opportunity for agricultural growth; however, the majority is rain-fed and thus dependent upon good and consistent weather ( 9 ). Ethiopia's lowlands, however, are warm and dry, resulting in a lack of biodiversity compared with other regions of the country ( 6 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Ethiopia's lowlands, however, are warm and dry, resulting in a lack of biodiversity compared with other regions of the country ( 6 ). Arid or semi-arid areas cover ∼40% of the country where agricultural production can be low, which can lead to poor food availability and nutrition security ( 9 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Much literature exists on the reasons behind the stunting decline in Ethiopia, and findings point to several key drivers: parental education ( 16–33 ); health care interventions, such as delivery by a skilled birth attendant (SBA) ( 17 , 34–36 ), antenatal care ( 16 , 17 , 26 , 34 , 37–44 ), and postnatal care ( 45 , 46 ); improvements in water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH), including access to improved water sources ( 21 , 32 , 37 , 39 , 40 , 45 , 47–58 ), reduced distance to fetch water ( 59 ), access to improved sanitation ( 17 , 20 , 21 , 23 , 27 , 29 , 39 , 40 , 45 , 51 , 60–63 ), and reductions in open defecation ( 19 , 27 ); and child feeding indicators ( 19 , 30 , 37 , 38 , 60 , 64–70 ) ( Panel 1 , Supplemental Appendix 2 ) ( 16–98 , 99–118 , 119–142 ). Although we found a wealth of national and subnational studies exploring factors related to stunting in Ethiopia, the overwhelming majority were cross-sectional in design which precludes causality.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Drivers of stunting reduction in Ethiopia: a country case study

Tasic

Akseer

Gebreyesus

et al. 2020

The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition

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Background Chronic undernutrition in children continues to be a global public health concern. Ethiopia has documented a significant decline in the prevalence of childhood stunting, a measure of chronic undernutrition, over the last 20 y. Objectives The aim of this research was to conduct a systematic assessment of the determinants that have driven child stunting reduction in Ethiopia from 2000 to 2016, focused on the national, community, household, and individual level. Methods This study employed both quantitative and qualitative methods. Specifically, a systematic literature review, retrospective quantitative data analysis using Demographic and Health Surveys from 2000–2016, qualitative data collection and analysis, and analyses of key nutrition-specific and -sensitive policies and programs were undertaken. Results National stunting prevalence improved from 51% in 2000 to 32% in 2016. Regional variations exist, as do pro-rich, pro-urban, and pro-educated inequalities. Child height-for-age z score (HAZ) decomposition explained >100% of predicted change in mean HAZ between 2000 and 2016, with key factors including increases in total consumable crop yield (32% of change), increased number of health workers (28%), reduction in open defecation (13%), parental education (10%), maternal nutrition (5%), economic improvement (4%), and reduced diarrhea incidence (4%). Policies and programs that were key to stunting decline focused on promoting rural agriculture to improve food security; decentralization of the health system, incorporating health extension workers to improve rural access to health services and reduce open defecation; multisectoral poverty reduction strategies; and a commitment to improving girls’ education. Interviews with national and regional stakeholders and mothers in communities presented improvements in health service access, women and girls’ education, improved agricultural production, and improved sanitation and child care practices as drivers of stunting reduction. Conclusions Ethiopia's stunting decline was driven by both nutrition-specific and -sensitive sectors, with particular focus on the agriculture sector, health care access, sanitation, and education.

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Interventions to improve the nutritional status of children under 5 years in Ethiopia: a systematic review

Ahmed,

Ogbo,

Tegegne

et al. 2023

Public Health Nutr.

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Objective: To conduct a systematic review of experimental or quasi-experimental studies that aimed to improve the nutritional status of under five years of age children in Ethiopia. Design: Embase, MEDLINE/PubMed, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), PsychINFO, and Academic Search Database were used to locate peer-reviewed studies, and Google Scholar and Open Dissertation were used to locate grey literatures. All searches were conducted between 2000 and November 2022. Setting: Ethiopia. Participants: Pregnant women and mothers with children aged 0-59 months. Results: Ten cluster randomised controlled trials (RCTs), six quasi-experimental studies and two individual RCTs were included. Out of the identified 18 studies, three studies targeted pregnant mothers. Our findings showed that almost two-thirds of published interventions had no impact on childhood stunting and wasting, and more than half had no impact on underweight. Some behaviour change communication (BCC) interventions, food vouchers, micronutrient supplementation, and quality protein maize improved stunting. Similarly, BCC and fish oil supplementation showed promise in reducing wasting, while BCC and the provision of quality protein maize reduced underweight. Additionally, water, sanitation and hygiene (WaSH) interventions provided to pregnant mothers and children under two years of age were shown to significantly reduce childhood stunting. Conclusion: Future childhood nutritional interventions in Ethiopia should consider adopting an integrated approach that combines the positive effects of interdependent systems such as BCC, food supplemental programmes (e.g., boosting protein and micronutrients), health interventions (e.g., strengthening maternal and childcare), WaSH and financial initiatives (e.g., monetary support and income schemes).

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Combating Malnutrition in Ethiopia

Cited by 15 publications

References 0 publications

Women’s Land Tenure Security and Household Human Capital: Evidence from Ethiopia’s Land Certification

Women’s Land Tenure Security and Household Human Capital: Evidence from Ethiopia’s Land Certification

Drivers of stunting reduction in Ethiopia: a country case study

Interventions to improve the nutritional status of children under 5 years in Ethiopia: a systematic review

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