Combating Infection

Application of environmental and economic metrics to guide the development of biocatalytic processes

“…In the last decades, several green chemistry metrics have been defined, many of those with the same ideas and concepts [26] (e.g., atom economy, actual atom economy [86], EQ [58], e-factor based on molecular weight [35], stoichiometric factor [35]), which can explain the low acceptance of green chemistry metrics as a suitable assessment during the early stages of the process development. The use of more complete and complex performance assessment tools (such as LCA and/or full costing) during the early stages is definitely not a suitable strategy, as many of the process details are not yet defined, nor is the process optimized and thus, the output of these evaluations are highly sensitive to the quality and quantity of the input information.…”

“…Despite the weaknesses of the abovementioned metrics, these fulfill (at least, partially) the requisites for suitable metrics. There are other metrics that can be applied at the early development stage (such as environmental quotient, EQ [58], EMY [59] and the C-factor [60]). However, the correct application of these metrics requires more information that is often not readily available at this development stage.…”

“…(12)]. This quotient has an arbitrary value between 1 and 1000 (where 1 is the optimal waste type), depending on whether the type of waste produced is innocuous, waste toxicity and ease of recycling [58]. However, the quotient is set on a rather arbitrary and subjective ground:…”

Vinte anos de química verde: conquistas e desafios

“…Pesquisas nessas áreas são particularmente importantes para a indústria farmacêutica, pois a obtenção do produto desejado é frequentemente acompanhada de grandes quantidades de resíduos (Fator E muito elevado, ou seja, a maior parte dos átomos dos reagentes são incorporados aos resíduos). 37 Frente a uma demanda cada vez maior de produtos sintéticos, começa a despertar cada vez mais a consciência de que se os mesmos métodos químicos continuarem a ser praticados, a utilização de matéria-prima, bem como e principalmente a geração de resíduos, irá aumentar significativa e continuamente levando essas companhias a reavaliarem a síntese de grandes volumes de produtos a partir de solventes tóxicos. Por isso há a busca cada vez maior de sínteses alternativas mais ecoeficientes.…”

Nickel(0)-TPPTS-Cyanide Complex in Water. An Efficient and Flexible Catalyst for the Isomerisation of Olefinic Compounds at Room Temperature

“…R.A Sheldon defined the environmental factor E as essentially being the relation between the amount of by-product manufactured per kilogram of useful product produced. The factor E varies from 0.1 in refining to 1-5 in basic chemistry, up to 5-50 in fine chemistry and 25-100 in pharmaceutical industry [7]. This factor for a biphasic hydroformylation process is estimated at 0.04, i.e.…”