Combatant rank and socialization to norms of restraint: examining the Australian and Philippine armies

Bell, Andrew M.; Terry, Fiona

doi:10.1080/03050629.2021.1881085

Cited by 6 publications

(3 citation statements)

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“…In examining the dependent variable of armed group conduct, existing studies thus generally infer socialization effects to result from organizational norms, ideology, and training. 5 Factors that influence combatants' adoption of norms of restraint have only recently become a central focus of academic and policy research (Bell & Terry, 2021;Terry & McQuinn, 2018;Stephens, 2014;Stubbins Bates, 2014.…”

Section: Existing Theories Of Violence and Restraint In Conflictmentioning

confidence: 99%

Combatant socialization and norms of restraint: Examining officer training at the US Military Academy and Army ROTC

Bell

2021

Journal of Peace Research

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Can armed groups socialize combatants to norms of restraint – in essence, train soldiers to adopt norms of international humanitarian law on the battlefield? How can social scientists accurately measure such socialization? Despite being the central focus of organizational and ideational theories of conflict, studies to date have not engaged in systematic, survey-based examination of this central socialization mechanism theorized to influence military conduct. This study advances scholarly understanding by providing the first comparative, survey-based examination of combatant socialization to norms of restraint, using surveys and interviews with US Army cadets at the US Military Academy (USMA), Army Reserve Officer Training Corps (ROTC), and active duty Army combatants. Additionally, to better understand ‘restraint’ from combatants’ perspective, this study introduces the concept of the ‘combatant’s trilemma’ under which combatants conceptualize civilian protection as part of a costly trade-off with the values of military advantage and force protection. Survey results hold both positive and negative implications for socialization to law of war norms: military socialization can shift combatants’ preferences for battlefield conduct. However, intensive norm socialization may be required to shift combatants’ preferences from force protection to civilian protection norms. Study findings hold significant implications for understanding violence against civilians in conflict and for policies to disseminate civilian protection norms in armed groups worldwide.

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Section: Existing Theories Of Violence and Restraint In Conflictmentioning

confidence: 99%

Combatant socialization and norms of restraint: Examining officer training at the US Military Academy and Army ROTC

Bell

2021

Journal of Peace Research

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“… 5 Information such as military rank is so defining of an Army member’s career and identity – akin to a civilian’s job – that respondents should almost never report these details incorrectly (Bell & Terry, 2021). …”

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Fraud in Online Surveys: Evidence from a Nonprobability, Subpopulation Sample

Bell

Gift²

2022

J Exp Polit Sci

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We hired a well-known market research firm whose surveys have been published in leading political science journals, including JEPS. Based on a set of rigorous “screeners,” we detected what appears to be exceedingly high rates of identity falsification: over 81 percent of respondents seemed to misrepresent their credentials to gain access to the survey and earn compensation. Similarly high rates of presumptive character falsification were present in panels from multiple sub-vendors procured by the firm. Moreover, we found additional, serious irregularities embedded in the data, including evidence of respondents using deliberate strategies to detect and circumvent one of our screeners, as well as pervasive, observable patterns reflecting that the survey had been taken repeatedly by a respondent or collection of respondents. This evidence offers reasons to be concerned about the quality of online nonprobability, subpopulation samples, and calls for further, systematic research.

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“…For similar reasons, counterinsurgent forces socialize combatants to at least the role-playing level so that they can carry out missions under the decentralization of combat in remote terrain. Whether they are more effective counterinsurgents if socialization is deepened to internalization is a question that appears to be not well addressed: research on training may not distinguish between that which generates role playing and that which inculcates (Bell and Terry 2021).…”

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confidence: 99%

Implications of Wedeen’sAmbiguities of Dominationfor the Analysis of Political Violence

Wood

2021

APSC

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Combatant rank and socialization to norms of restraint: examining the Australian and Philippine armies

Cited by 6 publications

References 65 publications

Combatant socialization and norms of restraint: Examining officer training at the US Military Academy and Army ROTC

Combatant socialization and norms of restraint: Examining officer training at the US Military Academy and Army ROTC

Fraud in Online Surveys: Evidence from a Nonprobability, Subpopulation Sample

Implications of Wedeen’sAmbiguities of Dominationfor the Analysis of Political Violence

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