Columbia River flood basalts from a centralized crustal magmatic system

Wolff, J. A.; Ramos, Frank C.; Hart, Garret L.; Patterson, J. D.; Brandon, A. D.

doi:10.1038/ngeo124

Cited by 93 publications

(174 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…The waning phase (i.e. Wanapum and Saddle Mountains Basalts) has been attributed to increasing crustal contamination of the residual melts (Hooper and Hawkesworth 2003;Wolff et al 2008;Wolff and Ramos 2013) although not necessarily related to the plume He ratios (Hooper and Hawkesworth 1993;Wolff et al 2008;Camp and Hanan 2008;Wolff and Ramos 2013), the Imnaha Basalt represents a plumelike component, the C2 component of Carlson et al (1981). They argue that the plume-like component has subsequently been modified by crustal contamination, fractional crystallization and recharge.…”

Section: Geoscience Canadamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The geochemical and isotopic data have also been invaluable for understanding the origin of CRBG magma (e.g. Wright et al 1973Wright et al , 1989Reidel 1983;Hooper and Hawkesworth 1993;Durand and Sen 2004;Ramos et al 2005Ramos et al , 2013Camp and Hanan 2008;Wolff et al 2008;Wolff and Ramos 2013;Rodriguez and Sen 2013). A major reason why a regional CRBG geochemical stratigraphy is possible is that many lava flows have a remarkable 'bulk' geochemical homogeneity despite their huge volumes and distances traveled.…”

Section: Compositionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Arguments include: a mantleplume origin (e.g. Duncan 1982;Goles 1988, 1995;Draper 1991;Hooper and Hawkesworth 1993;Geist and Richards 1993;Camp 1995Dodson et al 1997;Mege and Ernst 2001;Hooper et al 2002Hooper et al , 2007Camp et al 2003;Camp and Ross 2004;Ramos et al 2005;Camp and Hanan 2008;Wolff et al 2008;Humphreys and Schmandt 2011;Wolff and Ramos 2013); simple melting of the upper mantle (Carlson and Hart 1987;Smith 1992;Christiansen et al 2002;Hales et al 2005;Tikoff et al 2008;James et al 2011;Liu and Stegman 2012;Long et al 2012); backare extension resulting in the passive rise and adiabatic melting of the shallow mantle (Dickinson 1997;Sears et al 2005;Tikoff et al 2008), similar to that proposed for the Chilcotin Plateau Basalts of British Columbia (Bevier 1983); convective upwelling of upper mantle along the western edge of North America (King and Anderson 1998); lithospheric delamination (Hales et al 2005); melting of buoyant peridotitic diapirs (Ivanov 2007); and upper mantle convection through or around the Farrallon-Juan de Fuca slab (e.g. James et al 2011;Lui and Stegman 2012;Long et al 2012).…”

Section: Petrogenesismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Reidel and Fecht 1987;Martin 1989;Reidel and Tolan 1992;Reidel et al 1994Self et al 1996Self et al , 1997Ho and Cashman 1997;Reidel 1998Reidel , 2005Vye et al 2013), and developing geochemical and petrogenetic models (e.g. Hooper and Hawkesworth 1993;Durand and Sen 2004;Ramos et al 2005Ramos et al , 2013Camp and Hanan 2008;Wolff et al 2008;Wolff and Ramos 2013;Rodriguez and Sen 2013).…”

Section: Stratigraphymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Igneous Rock Associations 15. The Columbia River Basalt Group: A Flood Basalt Province in the Pacific Northwest, USA

Reidel

2015

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Section: Geoscience Canadamentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Compositionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Petrogenesismentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Stratigraphymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Igneous Rock Associations 15. The Columbia River Basalt Group: A Flood Basalt Province in the Pacific Northwest, USA

Reidel

2015

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“…The caldera has long been cited as the point of initiation of the hotspot track (Pierce and Morgan, 1992). The interrelated Columbia River Basalt Group and Yellowstone hotspot constitute the most prominent intraplate Cenozoic magmatic province in the United States Morgan, 1992, 2009;Wolff et al, 2008;Reidel et al, 2013). Although the origin of the Yellowstone hotspot is debated, in part because of the opposite Newberry trend ( Fig.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Geology and evolution of the McDermitt caldera, northern Nevada and southeastern Oregon, western USA

et al. 2017

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The McDermitt caldera (western USA) is commonly considered the point of origin of the Yellowstone hotspot, yet until now no geologic map existed of the caldera and its geology and development were incompletely documented. We developed a comprehensive geologic framework through detailed and re connaissance geologic mapping, extensive petrographic and chemical analy sis, and highprecision Eruption of the McDermitt Tuff generated the irregularly keyholeshaped, 40 × 30-22 km McDermitt caldera. Collapse occurred mostly along a narrow ringfault zone of discrete faults with variable downwarp into the caldera be tween faults. Minor parallel faults locally widen the zone to as much as 6 km. We find no evidence that the McDermitt caldera consists of multiple nested calderas, as previously postulated. Total collapse was no more than ~1 km, and total erupted volume was ~1000 km 3 , of which 50%-85% is intracaldera tuff. Uncertainties in these estimates arise because an intracaldera tuff section is exposed only along the western edge of the caldera, and outflow tuff is not completely mapped. Megabreccia and mesobreccia are common in intracal dera tuff in the complete section. Intracaldera tuff is strongly rheomorphic, scrambling the compositional zoning, which is locally better preserved in out flow sections. However, outflow tuff is also strongly rheomorphic where it was deposited over steep topography.The caldera underwent postcollapse resurgent uplift driven by intrusion of icelandite magma, which also erupted from two major vents and as wide spread lavas. Major igneous activity around the McDermitt caldera lasted from before 16.7 to 16.1 Ma, although minor highalumina olivine tholeiite lavas were emplaced ca. 14.9 Ma in the youngest recognized igneous activity.Tuffaceous sediments as much as 210 m thick filled the caldera, although whether deposition preceded, followed, or spanned resurgence is unresolved. Although formed during regional extension, the caldera is cut only at its west ern and eastern margins by much younger, highangle normal faults that re sulted in gentle (~10°) eastward tilting of the caldera.Numerous hydrothermal systems probably related to caldera magmatism and focused along caldera structures produced Hg, Zrrich U (some along the western caldera ring fracture dated as 16.3 Ma), Ga, and minor Au mineral ization. Lithium deposits formed throughout the intracaldera tuffaceous sedi ments, probably ca. 14.9 Ma.Silicic central Snake River Plain, which also erupted voluminous rhyolitic tuffs. How ever, the Snake River Plain ignimbrites are metaluminous and homogeneous in bulk chemistry, with plagioclase, sanidine, and minor quartz as common phenocrysts, and rarely contain pumice or lithics.

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Magmatic recharge in continental flood basalts: Insights from the Chifeng igneous province in Inner Mongolia

Lee

Chen

Zeng

2015

Geochem Geophys Geosyst

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Eruptive sequences can be used as windows into the thermal and chemical evolution of magma chambers. We examined a continuous vertical section of the Baichahe basalt flow associated with the late Cenozoic Chifeng flood basalt in Inner Mongolia, North China. From oldest to youngest, MgO increases, K 2 O, light rare earths and other incompatible elements decrease, and Nb/La and radiogenic Pb isotopic ratios increase, all of which indicate increasing primitiveness and decreasing contribution of crustal contamination with time. The variable Pb isotope and incompatible element ratios require a component of crustal contamination, most likely of the lower crust (unradiogenic Pb, and low Ce/Pb), in the earliest lavas. Fractional crystallization can explain some of the elemental systematics, but alone cannot explain variable incompatible element ratios and Pb isotopes, nor the temporal trend to more primitive compositions. Crustal assimilation with or without fractional crystallization also cannot explain all the elemental systematics. We find instead that recharge by a primitive magma, in combination with fractional crystallization and decreasing rates of crustal assimilation, is needed to explain the observed geochemical systematics. Our observations suggest that the delivery of fresh basalt to the magma chamber must increase at rates faster than the crust can be assimilated or that the rates of crustal assimilation must decrease. However, progressive addition of primitive magma should heat up the crust and lead to more crustal assimilation. We suggest that during the initial stages of forming a magma chamber, the magma cools and develops an outer crystalline rind of mafic to ultramafic cumulates. This results in a thickening nonconvecting chemical boundary layer, which serves to insulate the magma chamber from further assimilation of crust and cooling, the latter resulting in the reduction of crystallization rates and the buffering of magma compositions at more primitive compositions. We show that certain segments of other large igneous provinces also display an evolution toward more primitive magmas with time, indicating that magmatic recharge may be a common feature of basaltic magma chambers.

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Columbia River flood basalts from a centralized crustal magmatic system

Cited by 93 publications

References 27 publications

Igneous Rock Associations 15. The Columbia River Basalt Group: A Flood Basalt Province in the Pacific Northwest, USA

Igneous Rock Associations 15. The Columbia River Basalt Group: A Flood Basalt Province in the Pacific Northwest, USA

Geology and evolution of the McDermitt caldera, northern Nevada and southeastern Oregon, western USA

Magmatic recharge in continental flood basalts: Insights from the Chifeng igneous province in Inner Mongolia

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