“…1 The dielectric properties of various acceptor/donor co-doped TiO 2 systems have been elucidated through the EPDD concept. 1,23,28,29 The sole EPDD mechanism still lacks a clear explanation for the overall dielectric properties over a wide frequency–temperature range. Additionally, the internal barrier layer capacitor (IBLC), electron hopping, and surface barrier layer capacitor (SBLC) models are widely employed to elucidate the contribution to the dielectric response.…”