Colorimetric Determination of Pb2+ in Perfect Aqueous Solution Using Carminic Acid as a Selective Chemosensor

Abstract

The commercially available natural organic dye, carminic acid (CA), an anthraquinone derivative bearing hydroxyl and carboxyl groups as recognition sites was found to be a colorimetric probe for Pb in perfect aqueous solution under neutral conditions with specific selectivity and high sensitivity. Upon addition of Pb, the absorption maximum of CA showed a large red shift, and the resulted color change from red to purple could be easily identified even by the naked eye. The chemical stoichiometric ratio between CA and Pb was determined to be 1:2 through Job plot, Pb titration, and kinetic experiments. Moreover, other environmental relevant metal ions induced no or minimal spectral and color changes. The reversibility of Pb to CA with EDTA even through several cycles was established for practical applications. The results indicated that CA can be a good candidate for simple, convenient and reversible colorimetric detection of Pb in aqueous solution even though it was hard to be applied to determine Pb on the water testing by US EPA.

Colorimetric detection of Mn(ii) based on a mixture of an anionic pyridylazo dye and a cationic polyelectrolyte in aqueous solution

“…The development of chemosensors for quantification of biologically and environmentally relevant significant metal ions has attracted substantial attention in recent years 1‐4 . The manganese ion, Mn( ii ), is widely distributed in various organs and tissues of the human body, and acts as a co‐factor for many enzymes involved in its metabolic and biological processes, including bone growth and tissue formation 5‐7 .…”

Colorimetric chemosensor for Ni2+ based on alizarin complexone and a cationic polyelectrolyte in aqueous solution

“…The development of chemosensors for the selective and sensitive sensing toward heavy and transition metal ions is increasingly demanded due to their considerable effects on environment and in biological systems . Some metal ions are behaved as cofactors for many proteins with various functions in living organisms .…”

“…The development of chemosensors for the selective and sensitive sensing toward heavy and transition metal ions is increasingly demanded due to their considerable effects on environment and in biological systems. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17] Some metal ions are behaved as cofactors for many proteins with various functions in living organisms. 18 Among these metal ions, nickel ion (Ni 2+ ) is an essential trace metal ion which plays important roles in a variety of biological processes such as respiration, biosynthesis, and metabolism.…”

Development of distance paper-based devices and electrochemical sensors for food and cosmetic safety assessment

“…It is generally known that CA is red in color, which is produced by insects, and it has been used historically as a natural food dye because it is a less toxic substance. Moreover, there are previous reports of a complex formation between CA and Pb in buffer solutions (Inoue et al, 2018;Sakamaki et al, 2017). The color of the solution changes from red to purple when Pb is present, as can be detected by a spectrophotometer.…”

“…Most available detection tools for Pb depend on sophisticated and large instruments, such as inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS) (Bonnefoy et al, 2002;Ndung'u et al, 2004) and atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) (Rada-Mendoza et al, 2018;Wongkalasin, 2017). Colorimetric-based detection using spectrophotometry techniques has also been demonstrated, using the complexation properties of Pb with dyes (Sakamaki et al, 2017). The sensitivity of colorimetric-based methods has been improved by using nanomaterials' enzyme-mimic activities (nanozyme) to provide an abundance of active edges and a large specific surface area for promoting the enzyme-catalyzed reaction (Tang et al, 2020).…”