Coloration of Breast Fluid Related to Concentration of Cholesterol, Cholesterol Epoxides, Estrogen, and Lipid Peroxides

Petrakis, Nicholas L.; Lee, Rose E.; Miike, Rei; Dupuy, Mary Edith; Morris, M.D. Helen G.

doi:10.1093/ajcp/89.1.117

Cited by 23 publications

(17 citation statements)

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“…In related studies, we found these important biochemical constituents to be related to the color of breast fluid [4]. NAF of darker colorations (deep yellow, brown, green, and black) contained significantly higher mean levels of cholesterol, cholesterol 5,6-epoxides, estradiol, estrone, and lipid peroxides than NAF of lighter colorations (white, pale yellow, and colorless).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 74%

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Association of breast fluid coloration with age, ethnicity, and cigarette smoking

Petrakis¹,

Miike²,

King³

et al. 1988

Breast Cancer Res Tr

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Nipple aspirates of breast fluid (NAF) occur with different colorations (colorless, white, pale yellow, dark yellow, brown, green, and black). Increasing concentrations of cholesterol, cholesterol 5,6-epoxides, estrogens, and fluorescent products of lipid peroxidation have been positively associated with the dark colorations (dark yellow, brown, green, and black). Because of the absence of data on these variations in breast fluid coloration, we made an exploratory study of their possible associations with age, ethnicity, clinical breast status, and breast cancer risk factors. Dark NAF colorations increased with age among white women from 22.5% at 20-29 years to 49.2% at 50-59 years. Among Chinese and Japanese women, the overall proportion of dark breast fluids was significantly lower (highest proportion 23.5%). A positive association of dark NAF coloration was found with current cigarette smoking (odds ratio = 1.64 [1.04-2.59]). A dose response between amount smoked and dark coloration was found in women less than 50 years of age, with women who smoked more than one pack per day having an odds ratio of 2.31 (1.30-4.67). No significant association of dark NAF was found with the major breast cancer risk factors or with actual benign or malignant breast disease. The dark colorations may represent pigmented products of apocrine gland secretion, lipofuscin complexes of peroxidated lipoprotein, breakdown products of hemoglobin, and possibly, diet-related secretory products.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 74%

“…Our earlier study found that light NAF (colorless, white, pale yellow) had mean cholesterol concentrations under 500 mg/dl, whereas dark NAF (dark yellow, brown, green, and black) contained progressively increasing mean levels of cholesterol [4]. For the present analysis we divided the fluids into two color groups, light and dark.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Association of breast fluid coloration with age, ethnicity, and cigarette smoking

Petrakis¹,

Miike²,

King³

et al. 1988

Breast Cancer Res Tr

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“…NAF contains a large variety of substances, including hormones, growth factors, and mutagens, and is especially high in protein and lipids (1,(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15). Intraindividual and interindividual variation in NAF composition is large (16)(17)(18), but the biological basis and the consequences of this variation are not well understood.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of High Fruit-Vegetable and/or Low-Fat Intervention on Breast Nipple Aspirate Fluid Micronutrient Levels

Djurić

Chen

Ren

et al. 2007

Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers &Amp; Prevention

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Background: A change in diet is known to affect micronutrient levels in blood but to what extent diet can affect micronutrient levels in the breast is not yet well established. Methods: Healthy, premenopausal women with a family history of breast cancer were randomized across four diet arms for 1 year in a 2 Â 2 factorial design study: control, low-fat, high fruit-vegetable, and combination low-fat/high fruit-vegetable diets. Subjects were asked to collect breast nipple aspirate fluid (NAF) at 0, 6, and 12 months, and levels of micronutrients were measured in the fluid. Results: A total of 122 women were enrolled, 97 were retained for 12 months, and sufficient NAF for analysis was available from 59 women at baseline, 49 at 6 months, and 50 at 12 months. Repeated measures mixed-model ANOVA was used to model the data using cholesterol levels and lactation

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“…These findings indicate that the adult 'resting' breast actively secretes breast-specific substances in a high proportion of nonpregnant adult women. More recently, we reported that NAF of deep yellow, brown, green, or black colorations increase in frequency with advancing age and contain significantly higher mean concentrations of cholesterol, estrogen, and other fat soluble compounds than do colorless, white, or pale yellow colored NAF samples [8,9]. This finding suggests that the degree of retention or impaired reabsorption of breast secretion can be inferred from its coloration.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 81%

Nipple aspirate fluids in adult nonlactating women — lactose content, cationic Na+, K+, Na+/K+ ratio, and coloration

Petrakis

Lim

Miike

et al. 1989

Breast Cancer Res Tr

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The presence of lactose in nipple secretions is considered biochemical evidence of breast secretory activity, and has been reported to occur more frequently in white compared to brownish or green colored breast fluid. We studied lactose, Na+, and K+ concentrations, the Na+/K+ ratio, and the coloration of nipple aspirate fluid (NAF) from 49 nonpregnant women. A significant relationship was found between the concentrations of lactose, Na+, and K+, and age and the coloration of NAF. Lactose was present in 22/49 (44.8%) of the NAF samples and declined with age from 100% positivity in women less than or equal to 29 years to 29% in those less than or equal to 35 years. In NAF of deep yellow, brown and green colorations, only traces of lactose were found. Na+ and K+ increased with age and with darker colorations compared to white, pale yellow, or colorless NAF. Lactose was present in NAF samples from both parous and nulliparous younger women, indicating that the breasts of many nonpregnant women respond to prolactin stimulation; hence, lactose may provide a simple marker indicating active physiologic secretory activity of the breast. As reported previously, NAF of darker coloration, containing elevated levels of cholesterol, cholesterol oxidation products, and other substances, suggests retention and impaired reabsorption of these and other products of secretion. Because of the secretion and temporary retention by the breast glands of chemical substances of exogenous and endogenous origin, including mutagens and carcinogens, lactose concentration and coloration of NAF may be useful as markers of secretion and reabsorption in future physiologically based clinical and epidemiologic studies of the pathogenesis of breast disease.

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Coloration of Breast Fluid Related to Concentration of Cholesterol, Cholesterol Epoxides, Estrogen, and Lipid Peroxides

Cited by 23 publications

References 0 publications

Association of breast fluid coloration with age, ethnicity, and cigarette smoking

Association of breast fluid coloration with age, ethnicity, and cigarette smoking

Effects of High Fruit-Vegetable and/or Low-Fat Intervention on Breast Nipple Aspirate Fluid Micronutrient Levels

Nipple aspirate fluids in adult nonlactating women — lactose content, cationic Na+, K+, Na+/K+ ratio, and coloration

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