Color polymorphism in Sphingid caterpillars (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) /

Abstract

Color morphs of sphingid caterpillars that feed on the plant family Vitaceae 2-1. Fourth instar brood frequency for 35 wild-collected Amphion floridensis females 2-2. Estimation of wi thin-family and be tween-family components of the total variance in brood frequencies (% pink) of Amphion floridensis 2-3. Effect of female collection site and week of collection on offspring brood frequency {% pink). ANCOVA on the arcsine transformed data 2-4. Changes in egg weight of Amphion floridensis... 2-5. Differences in larval color frequencies between early and late clutches from 13 female Amphion 2-6. Offspring brood frequencies {% pink in fourth instar) of inbred crosses of Amphion floridensis 2-7. Offspring brood frequencies {% pink in fourth instar) of outbred crosses of Amphion floridensis 2-8. Mean percent pink of parents and offspring broods for four types of crosses 2-9. Effect of midparent brood frequency and parental color on offspring brood frequency {% pink). ANCOVA on the arcsine transformed data from outbred crosses 2-10. Effect of midparent brood frequency and parental color on offspring brood frequency (% pink). ANCOVA on the arcsine transformed data from inbred crosses 68 vii 2-11. First experiment on effect of temperature and daylength on brood frequencies in fourth instar Amphion larvae.... 2-12. ANOVA of effect of temperature and daylength on brood frequencies in Amphion floridensis (first experiment)... 2-13. Second experiment on effect of temperature and daylength on brood frequencies in fourth instar Amphion larvae.... 71 2-14. ANOVA of effect of temperature and photoperiod on morph frequencies (second experiment-balanced, factorial design, without replication) 2-15. Effect of rearing density during the second through fourth instar on fourth instar morph frequency in Amphion 2-16. "Density" effect is really due to differences in humidity and/or food desiccation 3-1. Reported correlations between foodplant variation and sphingid caterpillar morphs 3-2. Relative frequency of different morphs of Smerinthus ocellata and Laothoe populi final instar larvae found on five species of willow 3-3. Field observations of eggs and larvae of Eumorpha fascia ta in north Florida, 1985-1988 3-4* Eumorpha fasciata field censuses tabulated by foodplant species and year 138 3-5. Pupal weights of Eumorpha fasciata reared on three species of Ludwigia 139 3-6. Pupal weights of green versus black Eumorph fasciata reared on Ludwigia peruviana 140 3-7. Median dates for finding green and black (or yellow) fifth instar Eumorpha fasciata larvae in the wild 3-8. Median dates for finding green and pink or yellow fourth instar Eumorpha fasciata larvae in the wild. ............ 142 3-9. Fourth-instar color ratios of Amphion floridensis larvae reared in the lab on three foodplant species 143 3-10. Pupal weights of Amphion floridensis reared on three species of Vitaceae 144 viii 3-11. Brood frequencies of fourth instar Amp hi on larvae when reared in the lab on two forms of Ampelopsis leaves 3-12. Average color scores of Ampelopsis and ...

Effect of light quality and larval diet on morph induction in the polymorphic caterpillar Nemoria arizonaria (Lepidoptera: Geometridae)

“…Although colour polymorphisms are widespread among lepidopteran caterpillars and pupae, there is a tremendous diversity among species in the proximate cues that are used in morph determination. In other species with more host species, or in species in which the fitness of each morph may be frequency-dependent, a single environmental cue such as diet may be a less reliable indicator of future conditions (Walker, 1986;Fink, 1989;Schmidt, 1990).…”

“…In the order Lepidoptera, colour polymorphisms of caterpillars and pupae are common in many Werent families, including hawkmoths (Sphingidae) (Meldola, 1873;Poulton, 1885aPoulton, ,b, 1886Poulton, , 1903MOSS, 1920;Bell & Scott, 1937;Dupont & Roepke, 1941;Curio, 1970;Fink, 1989;Grayson & Edmunds, 1989;Edmunds & Grayson, 199 l), swallowtail butterflies (Papilionidae) (Sevastapulo, 1 948; Hidaka, 1956;Clarke, Dickson & Sheppard, 1963;Owen, 1971;Clarke & Sheppard, 1972;West, Snellings & Herbeck, 1972;Wiklund, 1972;Smith, 1978;Hazel & West, 1979;Sims & Shapiro, 1983), phycitid moths (Imura & Shibuya, 1979;Imura, 1980Imura, , 1982) loopers (Geometridae) (den Boer, 197 1;Greene, 1989a), nymphalids (Poulton, 1887;Rothschild, Gardiner & Mummery, 1978)) and pierids (Poulton, 1887;Smith, 1980;Smith, Shoesmith & Smith, 1988).…”

“…Many factors have been found to influence the development of different colour forms in lepidopteran caterpillars and pupae. Colour variation can be a result of simple genetic polymorphisms (Clarke et al, 1963;den Boer, 1971), or under more complex genetic control probably involving several genes (Imura & Shibuya, 1979;Imura, 1980Imura, , 1982Smith et al, 1988;Fink, 1989). Many environmental factors can also influence morph determination, such as humidity, temperature, larval diet (Dupont & Roepke, 1941;Fink, 1989;Grayson & Edmunds, 1989;Greene, 1989a), and the colour of the light perceived by the developing caterpillars (Poulton, 1885a(Poulton, ,b, 1886(Poulton, , 1903Dupont & Roepke, 194 1;Dustmann, 1964;Angersbach, 1975;Smith, 1980;Smith et al, 1988;Grayson & Edmunds, 1989).…”

Sphingid caterpillars conspicuous patches do not function as distractive marks or warning against predators

“…Because there is a general lack of knowledge about Sphingid color morphs in the wild (Fink, 1989 ), we downloaded 4602 observations (research‐graded & needs ID) of Pandora sphinx caterpillars on March 6, 2022, from the iNaturalist website ( https://www.inaturalist.org ). We removed duplicates, (determined by duplicate photographs or identical date and time), pupae ( n = 73), 1st and 2nd instar caterpillars, which do not exhibit variation in color form ( n = 7), and months with small sample sizes (March ( n = 1), April ( n = 1), May ( n = 6), and November ( n = 7), resulting in 1478 observations of caterpillars 3rd instar or older).…”