Color Perception

Zrenner, Eberhart; Abramov, Israel; Akita, Munehira; Cowey, Alan; Livingstone, Margaret; Valberg, Arne

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-657675-7.50014-4

Cited by 26 publications

(12 citation statements)

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“…The present results cannot rule out this possibility; however, some features of the morphology of the small bistratified ganglion cell type suggest an exclusive correspondence to the blue-ON receptive-field unit. Blue-ON cells have larger receptive fields than the red-green opponent cells, consistent with the larger dendritic-field size of the small bistratified cell relative to the midget ganglion cells (see Zrenner et al, 1990, for a recent review). The estimated density of the small bistratified cells (2-8%) is also consistent with the sampling rate (-5-10%) of the blue-ON cells and the depth of dendritic stratification provides indirect evidence that the small bistratified cell receives direct synaptic input from a blue-cone signal pathway.…”

Section: Significance Of Small Bistratified Cells For Color Processingmentioning

confidence: 68%

Morphology of a small-field bistratified ganglion cell type in the macaque and human retina

1993

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In in-vitro preparations of both macaque and human retina, intracellular injections of Neurobiotin and horseradish peroxidase were used to characterize the morphology, depth of stratification, and mosaic organization of a type of bistratified ganglion cell. This cell type, here called the small bistratified cell, has been shown to project to the parvocellular layers of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (Rodieck, 1991) and is therefore likely to show color-opponent response properties.In both human and macaque, the two dendritic tiers of the bistratified cell are narrowly stratified close to the inner and outer borders of the inner plexiform layer. The inner tier is larger in diameter and more densely branched than the outer tier and gives rise to distinct spine-like branchlets bearing large, often lobulated heads. By contrast the smaller, outer tier is sparsely branched and relatively spine-free.In human retina, the small bistratified cells range in dendritic field diameter from -50 /*m in central retina to -400 fim in the far periphery. The human small bistratified cells are about 20% larger in dendritic-field diameter than their counterparts in the macaque. However, when the difference in retinal magnification between human and macaque is taken into account, the small bistratified cells are similar in size in both species. In macaque, the small bistratified cell has a dendritic-field size that is -1 0 % larger than that of the magnocellular-projecting parasol ganglion cell. Human small bistratified ganglion cells tend to have smaller dendritic-field diameters than parasol cells. This is because parasol ganglion cells are larger in human than in macaque retina (Dacey & Petersen, 1992).In macaque retina, intracellular injections of Neurobiotin revealed heterotypic tracer coupling to a distinct mosaic of amacrine cells and probable homotypic coupling to an array of neighboring ganglion cells around the perimeter of the injected cell's dendritic tree. The amacrine cell mosaic had a density of 1700 cells/mm 2 in peripheral retina. Individual amacrines had small, densely branched and bistratified dendritic fields. From the homotypic coupling, it was possible to estimate for the small bistratified cell a coverage factor of -1.8, and a density of -1 % of the total ganglion cells in central retina, increasing to -6-10% in the retinal periphery.The estimated density, dendritic-field size, and depth of stratification all suggest that the small bistratified ganglion cell type is the morphological counterpart of the common short-wavelength sensitive or 'blue-ON' physiological type.

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Section: Significance Of Small Bistratified Cells For Color Processingmentioning

confidence: 68%

Morphology of a small-field bistratified ganglion cell type in the macaque and human retina

1993

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“…clearly distinguished this cell type from the midget type (see Figure 1), which had been identified in textbooks as the carrier of color information (e.g., Mason & Kandel 1991, Zrenner et al 1990. Subsequent findings indicated that small bistratified cells project to layers of the LGN distinct from the parvocellular and magnocellular layers, termed koniocellular layers (Martin et al 1997, White et al 1998.…”

Section: Advancesmentioning

confidence: 76%

Information Processing in the Primate Retina: Circuitry and Coding

Field

Chichilnisky

2007

Annu. Rev. Neurosci.

333

266

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The function of any neural circuit is governed by connectivity of neurons in the circuit and the computations performed by the neurons. Recent research on retinal function has substantially advanced understanding in both areas. First, visual information is transmitted to the brain by at least 17 distinct retinal ganglion cell types defined by characteristic morphology, light response properties, and central projections. These findings provide a much more accurate view of the parallel visual pathways emanating from the retina than do previous models, and they highlight the importance of identifying distinct cell types and their connectivity in other neural circuits. Second, encoding of visual information involves significant temporal structure and interactions in the spike trains of retinal neurons. The functional importance of this structure is revealed by computational analysis of encoding and decoding, an approach that may be applicable to understanding the function of other neural circuits.

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“…3). If correct, and if we do not invoke Hebbian mechanisms within the retina, then this idea would imply that red-green chromatic opponency of the center-surround type, which is commonly seen in ganglion cells of trichromatic primates (25,26), simply evolved from center-surround spatial opponency by the random division of a formerly uniform population of cones into two spectrally distinct populations. The variability observed among red-green color opponent ganglion cell responses (25,26) is consistent with this hypothesis.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…If correct, and if we do not invoke Hebbian mechanisms within the retina, then this idea would imply that red-green chromatic opponency of the center-surround type, which is commonly seen in ganglion cells of trichromatic primates (25,26), simply evolved from center-surround spatial opponency by the random division of a formerly uniform population of cones into two spectrally distinct populations. The variability observed among red-green color opponent ganglion cell responses (25,26) is consistent with this hypothesis. For red-green opponent ganglion cells near the fovea (midget ganglion cells), color opponency may simply reflect the fact that the receptive field center receives input from a single cone and the receptive field surround receives input from multiple cones, predicted by the stochastic model to be a random mixture of equivalently labeled red and green types (27,28).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mutually exclusive expression of human red and green visual pigment-reporter transgenes occurs at high frequency in murine cone photoreceptors

Wang

Smallwood

Cowan

et al. 1999

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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This study examines the mechanism of mutually exclusive expression of the human X-linked red and green visual pigment genes in their respective cone photoreceptors by asking whether this expression pattern can be produced in a mammal that normally carries only a single X-linked visual pigment gene. To address this question, we generated transgenic mice that carry a single copy of a minimal human X chromosome visual pigment gene array in which the red and green pigment gene transcription units were replaced, respectively, by alkaline phosphatase and ␤-galactosidase reporters. As determined by histochemical staining, the reporters are expressed exclusively in cone photoreceptor cells. In 20 transgenic mice carrying any one of three independent transgene insertion events, an average of 63% of expressing cones have alkaline phosphatase activity, 10% have ␤-galactosidase activity, and 27% have activity for both reporters. Thus, mutually exclusive expression of red and green pigment transgenes can be achieved in a large fraction of cones in a dichromat mammal, suggesting a facile evolutionary path for the development of trichromacy after visual pigment gene duplication. These observations are consistent with a model of visual pigment expression in which stochastic pairing occurs between a locus control region and either the red or the green pigment gene promotor.

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Color Perception

Cited by 26 publications

References 0 publications

Morphology of a small-field bistratified ganglion cell type in the macaque and human retina

Morphology of a small-field bistratified ganglion cell type in the macaque and human retina

Information Processing in the Primate Retina: Circuitry and Coding

Mutually exclusive expression of human red and green visual pigment-reporter transgenes occurs at high frequency in murine cone photoreceptors

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