Color Intensity of the Red-Fleshed Berry Phenotype of Vitis vinifera Teinturier Grapes Varies Due to a 408 bp Duplication in the Promoter of VvmybA1

Abstract

Grapevine (Vitis vinifera) teinturier cultivars are characterized by their typical reddish leaves and red-fleshed berries due to ectopic anthocyanin formation. Wines of these varieties have economic importance as they can be used for blending to enhance the color of red wines. The unique and heritable mutation has been known for a long time but the underlying genetic mechanism still is not yet understood. Here we describe the association of the red-fleshed berry phenotype with a 408 bp repetitive DNA element in the promoter of the VvmybA1 gene (grapevine color enhancer, GCE). Three different clones of ‘Teinturier’ were discovered with two, three and five allelic GCE repeats (MybA1t2, MybA1t3 and MybA1t5). All three clones are periclinal chimeras; these clones share the same L1 layer, but have distinct L2 layers with different quantities of GCE repeats. Quantitative real time PCR and HPLC analysis of leaf and berry samples showed that the GCE repeat number strongly correlates with an increase of the expression of VvmybA1 itself and the VvUFGT gene regulated by it and the anthocyanin content. A model is proposed based on autoregulation of VvmybA1t to explain the red phenotype which is similar to that of red-fleshed apples. This study presents results about the generation and modes of action of three MybA1t alleles responsible for the red-fleshed berry phenotype of teinturier grapevines.

Towards Sensor-Based Phenotyping of Physical Barriers of Grapes to Improve Resilience to Botrytis Bunch Rot

“…As the detected markers GF02-55 (PN40024.V2, located on chromosome 02: 14.11 Mb, Table 2 ) and GF02-62 (PN40024.V2, located on chromosome 02: 14.30 Mb, Table 2 ) are co-localized to the berry color locus Gret1 (PN40024.V2, located on chromosome 02: 14.24 Mb ( Pelsy et al, 2015 ), we included the Teinturier phenotype in our QTL analysis. The Teinturier phenotype is characterized by red berry flesh and red leaves ( Röckel et al, 2020 ). In the investigated DxC progeny, genotypes expressing the Teinturier phenotype showed significant but marginal higher mean Z REL , TA FORCE , and TA AREA values as well as lower berries and TA GRAD ( Supplementary Figure 3 ).…”

“…Conclusively, this region could be involved in both berry skin firmness and berry skin elasticity. Thus, we assume that berry color locus, i.e., the presence of VvmybA1 and VvmybA2 ( Kobayashi et al, 2004 ; This et al, 2007 ; Pelsy et al, 2015 ; Röckel et al, 2020 ; Sun et al, 2020 ) could be one additional regulator that is involved in grape berry development. Looking into the confidence interval of 0.3 Mbp on LG2 within the reference genome PN40024 12x.V2 ( Table 2 ) has revealed several MYB-related genes and MYB90 transcription factors and polypeptides.…”

“…They also summarized that in addition to cutin and wax, the cuticle of many fruit species contains secondary metabolites like triterpenoids, sterols, alkaloids, and phenylpropanoids (flavonoids). MYB-type transcription factors regulate the biosynthesis pathways of flavonoid, anthocyanin, and proanthocyanidin in several plant species like maize, apple, and grapevine ( Röckel et al, 2020 ; Sun et al, 2020 ; Crespan et al, 2021 ). This is underlined by the observation of Ma et al (2020) that the MYB family, as one investigated transcription factor, has a potential effect on berry skin firmness.…”

Berry Anthocyanin, Acid, and Volatile Trait Analyses in a Grapevine-Interspecific F2 Population Using an Integrated GBS and rhAmpSeq Genetic Map

“…Grapevine breeding and trait mapping have proceeded rapidly with the availability of genome sequences, molecular marker implementation and evolution, and increased use of interspecific crosses for the introgression of economic traits [ 6 ]. Berry skin color, a qualitative trait, has been mapped to a major locus on chromosome 2 and associated with MYBA1 gene [ 4 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 ]. Anthocyanins (concentration and type) influence berry color and contribute to wine quality and have been mapped to chromosome 2, 7, 12, 13, and 14 [ 15 , 16 , 17 ].…”

The grape MYB24 mediates the coordination of light-induced terpene and flavonol accumulation in response to berry anthocyanin sunscreen depletion

“…In grapevine, berry coloration of red-skinned cultivars begins at the onset of ripening, when anthocyanins start to accumulate in vacuoles and anthocyanin vacuolar inclusions of epidermal and hypodermal cells of the skin. Anthocyanins also accumulate in mesocarp cells in the case of 'tenturier' cultivars, some of which have been molecularly associated with duplication of MYBA1 binding sites in its promoter increasing its own expression (50). The Vitis vinifera 'Béquignol Noir' cultivar is a red-skinned cultivar presenting a rather small proportion of variegated berries with uneven skin pigmentation.…”