Color image watermarking based on quaternion Fourier transform and improved uniform log-polar mapping

Ouyang, Jianquan; Coatrieux, Gouenou; Chen, Beijing; Hu, Shu

doi:10.1016/j.compeleceng.2015.03.004

Cited by 71 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Refer to the references for more details). Even if [15] used 164 test images, most schemes used a few test images. Also the sizes of the data used as the watermark and the Q-steps for QIMs are different.…”

Section: Experimental Results and Comparison With Existingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…So the costs or payloads for watermarking are also different, which are specified in the last row. Note that [15] used a kind of DFT as the transform that it is not appropriate to compare its quantization step directly with others. Because our scheme uses an energy-adaptive scheme, the Q-step varies from 3 to 10, so as the payload.…”

Section: Experimental Results and Comparison With Existingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A quantization index modulation (QIM) was used in [9,[13][14][15][16][17]. It was shown that QIM had high strength to some peculiar attacks but was weak to the geometric attacks.…”

Section: Related Previous Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The largest singular value was quantized to embed a watermark bit in which it used a precalculated quantization table and its quantization step was 23 plus 2/3 of quantization index. A scheme using QDFT (quaternion discrete Fourier transform) and a uniform log-polar mapping for each of the subimages was proposed [15]. It embedded 64×64 watermark data in the middle frequency coefficients by a quantization step varying from 270 to 24,500 according to the size of the subimages.…”

Section: Related Previous Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Blind Image Watermarking Based on Adaptive Data Spreading in n-Level DWT Subbands

Lee

Seo

Kim

2019

Security and Communication Networks

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This paper proposes a new adaptive watermarking scheme for digital images, which has the properties of blind extraction, invisibility, and robustness against attacks. The typical scheme for invisibility and robustness consisted of two main techniques: finding local positions to be watermarked and mixing or embedding the watermark into the pixels of the locations. In finding the location, however, our scheme uses a global space such that the multiple watermarking data is spread out over all four lowest-frequency subbands, resulting from n-level Mallat-tree 2D (dimensional) DWT, where n depends on the amount of watermarking data and the resolution of the host image, without any further process to find the watermarking locations. To embed the watermark data into the subband coefficients, weighting factors are used according to the type and energy of each subband to adjust the strength of the watermark, so we call this an adaptive scheme. To examine the ability of the proposed scheme, images with various resolutions are tested for various attacks, both pixel-value changing attacks and geometric attacks. With experimental results and comparison to the existing works we show that the proposed scheme has better performance than the previous works, except those which specialize in certain types of attacks.

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Section: Experimental Results and Comparison With Existingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Experimental Results and Comparison With Existingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A quantization index modulation (QIM) was used in [9,[13][14][15][16][17]. It was shown that QIM had high strength to some peculiar attacks but was weak to the geometric attacks.…”

Section: Related Previous Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Related Previous Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Blind Image Watermarking Based on Adaptive Data Spreading in n-Level DWT Subbands

Lee

Seo

Kim

2019

Security and Communication Networks

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“…This approach will measure and compare the effects of the image enhancement techniques on the image quality. Technically, this approach is described as PSNR (Ji et al 2013; Hsu and Hu 2015; Ouyang et al 2015). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An intermediate significant bit (ISB) watermarking technique using neural networks

2016

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Prior research studies have shown that the peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR) is the most frequent watermarked image quality metric that is used for determining the levels of strength and weakness of watermarking algorithms. Conversely, normalised cross correlation (NCC) is the most common metric used after attacks were applied to a watermarked image to verify the strength of the algorithm used. Many researchers have used these approaches to evaluate their algorithms. These strategies have been used for a long time, however, which unfortunately limits the value of PSNR and NCC in reflecting the strength and weakness of the watermarking algorithms. This paper considers this issue to determine the threshold values of these two parameters in reflecting the amount of strength and weakness of the watermarking algorithms. We used our novel watermarking technique for embedding four watermarks in intermediate significant bits (ISB) of six image files one-by-one through replacing the image pixels with new pixels and, at the same time, keeping the new pixels very close to the original pixels. This approach gains an improved robustness based on the PSNR and NCC values that were gathered. A neural network model was built that uses the image quality metrics (PSNR and NCC) values obtained from the watermarking of six grey-scale images that use ISB as the desired output and that are trained for each watermarked image’s PSNR and NCC. The neural network predicts the watermarked image’s PSNR together with NCC after the attacks when a portion of the output of the same or different types of image quality metrics (PSNR and NCC) are obtained. The results indicate that the NCC metric fluctuates before the PSNR values deteriorate.

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Quaternion Fourier and linear canonical inversion theorems

Kou

2016

Math Methods in App Sciences

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The quaternion Fourier transform (QFT) is one of the key tools in studying color image processing. Indeed, a deep understanding of the QFT has created the color images to be transformed as whole, rather than as color separated component. In addition, understanding the QFT paves the way for understanding other integral transform, such as the quaternion fractional Fourier transform, quaternion linear canonical transform, and quaternion Wigner–Ville distribution. The aim of this paper is twofold: first to provide some of the theoretical background regarding the quaternion bound variation function. We then apply it to derive the quaternion Fourier and linear canonical inversion formulas. Secondly, to provide some in tuition for how the quaternion Fourier and linear canonical inversion theorems work on the absolutely integrable function space. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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Color image watermarking based on quaternion Fourier transform and improved uniform log-polar mapping

Cited by 71 publications

References 22 publications

Blind Image Watermarking Based on Adaptive Data Spreading in n-Level DWT Subbands

Blind Image Watermarking Based on Adaptive Data Spreading in n-Level DWT Subbands

An intermediate significant bit (ISB) watermarking technique using neural networks

Quaternion Fourier and linear canonical inversion theorems

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