“…DL is gradually being applied to RS semantic segmentation (Piramanayagam et al, 2018;Sun et al, 2019). Early methods based on sliding windows and candidate regions are time-consuming and have a lot of redundant calculations (Davis et al, 1975;Özden and Polat, 2005;Senthilkumaran and Rajesh, 2009;Nowozin and Lampert, 2011;Ciresan et al, 2012). In recent years, there are more and more DL-based methods in RS, including U-Net methods and its variants (Yue et al, 2019;Foivos et al, 2020), multi-scale context aggregation networks (Liu et al, 2018a;Chen et al, 2020;Xu H. et al, 2022), and multi-level feature fusion networks (Dong and Chen, 2021;Li et al, 2021b).…”