“…The spatial domain watermarking has high efficiency by modifying the pixels of the host images or frames directly to embed the watermark. In comparison, the transform domain watermarking modifies the coefficients obtained by transformation, such as the Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) [8][9][10]18,19,21,22,24,26,30,31], Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) [7,11,12,14,[25][26][27]32,33], Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) [6,12,25,26], Discrete Multiwavelet Transformation (DMT) [3], Contourlet Transform [6], Dual-Tree Complex Wavelet Transform (DT CWT) [5,15,34], and so on. They possess better imperceptibility and robustness, but their computational complexity is higher than that of the spatial domain watermarking.…”