Color-Doppler Ultrasound and New Imaging Techniques in Andrological Examination

Lotti, Francesco; Maggi, Mario

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-29456-8_19-1

Cited by 2 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 250 publications

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“…TV is an essential parameter in clinical practice, reflecting not only the seminal and hormonal status of the subject but also the presence of congenital or acquired previous or current testicular or systemic disorders 1‐5 . In this study, we report the refence range of US‐derived TV according to the most frequently used mathematical formulas (ellipsoid, Lambert's and Hansen's) 4,15 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…CDUS is the gold standard for scrotal investigation, assessing reproductive‐, inflammatory‐, and oncological‐related features 4,5 . In fact, scrotal CDUS can detect alterations in size, echotexture, and vascularization of the testis and epididymis that could eventually be associated with sperm abnormalities or inflammation (orchitis, epididymitis) 4,5 . In particular, various testicular US parameters can be combined to predict sperm and testosterone levels impairment 6 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, scrotal CDUS can detect lesions within the testis and epididymis suggesting benign or malignant findings 4,5,7‐11 . Furthermore, scrotal CDUS provides information on epididymal and deferential abnormalities or agenesis, often correlated with obstructive infertility 4,5 . Finally, scrotal CDUS is able to detect and stage varicocele, which can exert a negative impact on sperm parameters 4,5,7 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The European Academy of Andrology (EAA) ultrasound study on healthy, fertile men: Scrotal ultrasound reference ranges and associations with clinical, seminal, and biochemical characteristics

et al. 2021

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Background Scrotal color Doppler ultrasound (CDUS) still suffers from lack of standardization. Hence, the European Academy of Andrology (EAA) has promoted a multicenter study to assess the CDUS characteristics of healthy fertile men (HFM) to obtain normative parameters. Objectives To report and discuss the scrotal organs CDUS reference ranges and characteristics in HFM and their associations with clinical, seminal, and biochemical parameters. Methods A cohort of 248 HFM (35.3 ± 5.9years) was studied, evaluating, on the same day, clinical, biochemical, seminal, and scrotal CDUS following Standard Operating Procedures. Results The CDUS reference range and characteristics of the scrotal organs of HFM are reported here. CDUS showed a higher accuracy than physical examination in detecting scrotal abnormalities. Prader orchidometer (PO)‐ and US‐measured testicular volume (TV) were closely related. The US‐assessed TV with the ellipsoid formula showed the best correlation with the PO‐TV. The mean TV of HFM was ~ 17 ml. The lowest reference limit for right and left testis was 12 and 11 ml, thresholds defining testicular hypotrophy. The highest reference limit for epididymal head, tail, and vas deferens was 12, 6, and 4.5 mm, respectively. Mean TV was associated positively with sperm concentration and total count and negatively with gonadotropins levels and pulse pressure. Subjects with testicular inhomogeneity or calcifications showed lower sperm vitality and concentration, respectively, than the rest of the sample. Sperm normal morphology and progressive motility were positively associated with epididymal head size/vascularization and vas deferens size, respectively. Increased epididymis and vas deferens sizes were associated with MAR test positivity. Decreased epididymal tail homogeneity/vascularization were positively associated with waistline, which was negatively associated with intratesticular vascularization. CDUS varicocele was detected in 37.2% of men and was not associated with seminal or hormonal parameters. Scrotal CDUS parameters were not associated with time to pregnancy, number of children, history of miscarriage. Conclusions The present findings will help in better understanding male infertility pathophysiology, improving its management.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The European Academy of Andrology (EAA) ultrasound study on healthy, fertile men: Scrotal ultrasound reference ranges and associations with clinical, seminal, and biochemical characteristics

et al. 2021

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“…In human medicine, the study of testicular vascularization by duplex Doppler ultrasonography is well established [ 18 ]. PwD ultrasonography is widely used to assess abnormalities of the male genital tract, and has proven to be a useful tool in the assessment of scrotal abnormalities, signs of testicular dysgenesis, inflammation of scrotal structures, testicular torsion and varicocele [ 19 ]. In veterinary medicine, the study of testicular vascularization was initially restricted to horses.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Then, the Doppler caliper has to be placed on the vessel lumen, and the arterial blood flow will be graphically represented as a wave. A minimum of three waves must be chosen and measured [ 34 , 37 , 38 ] Furthermore, the Doppler shift is affected by the insonation angle between the Doppler beam and the flow direction [ 16 , 18 , 19 ]. The angle between the probe and the artery must be lower than 60° so that the velocity values are reliable.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

New Approaches to Assess Fertility in Domestic Animals: Relationship between Arterial Blood Flow to the Testicles and Seminal Quality

Velasco

Ruiz

2020

Animals

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The early identification of infertile males improves reproduction efficiency at a production level and is essential to secure high production rates. Before entering a breeding program, males must pass an initial breeding soundness examination (BSE) which consist of several diagnostic exams whose end point is to estimate their future fertility. There is ongoing research to find new markers that allow better identification of fertile males. Doppler mode allows the quantitative and qualitative evaluation of the irrigation of organs. When evaluating the reproductive system, Doppler mode has been successfully used for the evaluation of the uterine and ovarian irrigation. In males, it is gaining relevance for the evaluation of testicular irrigation. Researchers have found a relationship between pulsed-wave Doppler velocimetric parameters and seminal quality in various domestic animal species. This suggests Doppler ultrasound parameters should be considered as objective parameters to evaluate testicular function. In this review, we analyze the results in the main domestic animal species and discuss the differences and similarities among the results. We also discuss the effect of the location of the measurements, breed, season and laterality in the measurement of Doppler velocimetric parameters as well as the impact and limitations of this method of assessing breeding soundness.

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Color-Doppler Ultrasound and New Imaging Techniques in Andrological Examination

Cited by 2 publications

References 250 publications

The European Academy of Andrology (EAA) ultrasound study on healthy, fertile men: Scrotal ultrasound reference ranges and associations with clinical, seminal, and biochemical characteristics

The European Academy of Andrology (EAA) ultrasound study on healthy, fertile men: Scrotal ultrasound reference ranges and associations with clinical, seminal, and biochemical characteristics

New Approaches to Assess Fertility in Domestic Animals: Relationship between Arterial Blood Flow to the Testicles and Seminal Quality

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