Colophony allergy: a review

Downs, A. M. R.; Sansom, Jane

doi:10.1111/j.1600-0536.1999.tb06178.x

Cited by 82 publications

(80 citation statements)

References 65 publications

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“…Decarboxylation of resin acids may also take place. In consequence, the composition of free or esterified resin acids in GETOR or GEWR is expected to differ from that of the parent rosins TOR or wood rosin, respectively (Soltes and Zinkel, 1989;Downs and Sansom, 1999). Table 4 compares the resin acids present in TOR, wood rosin and gum rosin.…”

Section: 6mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Dermal contact sensitisation is seen with different types of rosins and modified rosins and their components as well as with GETOR, GEWR, and GEGR (e.g. Downs and Sansom, 1999;Gaefvert et al, 1994;Hausen and Mohnert, 1989;Shao et al, 1993;Geier and Hausen, 2006). Even though it was not possible to sensitise guinea pigs to purified abietic acid (Karlberg et al, 1985), Hausen and Mohnert (1989) found that of 44 dermatologic patients, 17 (39%) reacted positively to purified abietic acid as well as to standard rosin in a patch test.…”

Section: 26mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Scientific Opinion on the safety of Glycerol Esters of Tall Oil Rosin for the proposed uses as a food additive

2011

EFS2

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The Panel on Food Additives and Nutrient Sources added to Food provides a scientific opinion evaluating the safety of glycerol esters of tall oil rosin (GETOR) for the proposed use as a stabilising and emulsifying food additive in certain beverages up to a maximum level of 100 mg/l. In view of the limited toxicity studies for GETOR, analytical data were submitted to demonstrate that GETOR are chemically equivalent to glycerol esters of wood rosin (GEWR) which have already been authorised as a food additive by Directive 95/2/EC. The Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives decided that it could not evaluate GETOR without additional information on its composition, in order to clarify the extent and significance of any differences relative to other glycerol esters of rosins. GETOR are obtained by esterification of tall oil rosin and are described as a complex mixture of mono-, di-and tri-glycerol esters of resin acids (fraction (a)). Besides these esters, free resin acids (fraction (b)) and other saponifiable and unsaponifiable substances (fraction (c)) including sulphur compounds are present in GETOR. Conclusive analytical data on the proportions of fractions (a), (b), and (c) are not provided and also data on the identity and quantity of their individual components are absent. The results of two acute oral toxicity studies are the only toxicological data available for GETOR. Overall the Panel concluded that the chemical and toxicological characterisation of GETOR is not adequate. The Panel also could not conclude that GETOR is chemically equivalent to GEWR thus the toxicological data obtained with GEWR could not be used for read across. Therefore, the Panel concluded that the available data are too limited to conclude on the safety of GETOR as a food additive at the proposed uses and use levels. © European Food Safety Authority, 2011 KEY WORDSGlycerol esters of tall oil rosin, glycerol modified tall oil rosin, CAS Registry Number 8050-31-5. SUMMARYFollowing a request from the European Commission to the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), the Scientific Panel on Food Additives and Nutrient Sources added to Food (ANS) was asked to provide a scientific opinion on the safety of glycerol esters of tall oil rosin (GETOR) when used as a stabilising and emulsifying food additive in certain non-alcoholic flavoured cloudy drinks and certain cloudy spirit drinks to a maximum level of 100 mg/l. In view of the limited toxicity studies for GETOR, analytical data were submitted to demonstrate that GETOR are chemically equivalent to GEWR which have already been authorised as a food additive by Directive 95/2/EC. GETOR have been evaluated by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) in 2009. The Committee concluded, in principle, that the data from GEWR could be used in the evaluation of GETOR; however, the Committee did not have adequate information on the composition of GETOR, considering that the source material and production processes are different, which may result in different by-prod...

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Section: 6mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: 26mentioning

confidence: 99%

Scientific Opinion on the safety of Glycerol Esters of Tall Oil Rosin for the proposed uses as a food additive

2011

EFS2

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“…Dermal contact sensitisation is seen with different types of rosins and modified rosins and their components as well as with GEGR, GEWR, and GETOR (e.g. Downs and Sansom, 1999, Gaefvert et al, 1994, Hausen and Mohnert, 1989Shao et al, 1993;Geier and Hausen, 2006;Illing et al, 2009). …”

Section: Other Studies/contact Sensitisationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Scientific Opinion on the safety of glycerol esters of gum rosin for the proposed uses as a food additive

2010

EFSA Journal

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The Panel on Food Additives and Nutrient Sources added to Food provides a scientific opinion evaluating the safety of glycerol esters of gum rosin (GEGR) for the proposed use as a stabilising and emulsifying food additive in certain beverages to a maximum level of 100 mg/l. The Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives established a group ADI of 0-25 mg/kg bw/day for glycerol esters of wood rosin (GEWR) and GEGR and tentative specifications for GEGR pending the submission of additional data. GEGR are obtained by esterification of refined gum rosin and are described as a complex mixture of tri-and diglycerol esters of resin acids and a residual fraction of monoglycerol esters. Besides these esters, up to 4.2% free resin acids and up to 20.1% other non-acidic saponifiable and unsaponifiable substances are present in GEGR. The percentages of resin acids derived from the three fractions upon saponification of GEGR are known. However, data on the identity and quantity of individual components in the three fractions of GEGR are absent and also data on the proportions of glycerol monoesters, (1,2)-glycerol diesters, (1,3)-glycerol diesters and glycerol triesters are not provided. In view of missing toxicity studies for GEGR, analytical data were submitted to demonstrate that GEGR are chemically equivalent to GEWR which have already been authorised as a food additive by Directive 95/2/EC. Overall, the Panel concluded that the chemical and toxicological characterisation of GEGR is not adequate. The Panel also did not have sufficient information to evaluate the chemical equivalence of GEGR and GEWR on the basis of which the toxicological data obtained with GEWR could be used for read across. Therefore, the Panel concluded that the available data are too limited to conclude on the safety of GEGR as a food additive at the proposed uses and use levels. KEY WORDSGlycerol esters of gum rosin, glycerol-modified gum rosin, CAS Registry Number 8050-31-5. SUMMARYFollowing a request from the European Commission to the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), the Scientific Panel on Food Additives and Nutrient Sources added to Food (ANS) was asked to provide a scientific opinion on the safety of glycerol esters of gum rosin (GEGR) when used as a stabilising and emulsifying food additive in certain non-alcoholic flavoured cloudy drinks and certain cloudy spirit drinks to a maximum level of 100 mg/l. GEGR have been evaluated by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) in 2009. The Committee established a group ADI of 0 -25 mg/kg bw/day for GEWR (glycerol esters of wood rosin) and GEGR. The specifications for GEGR were made tentative, pending the submission of additional data and information by the end of 2010 concerning the identity of GEGR, the resin acid composition and methods to identify the individual glycerol esters of rosins and their differentiation. Furthermore, the Committee requested the full reports of the two 90-day toxicity studies in rats performed using oral administration of GEGR, to ...

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“…No significant associations in either dentitions were found with baseline caries There was little information available on possible adverse effects or acceptability of treatment. As some of the varnishes have colophony (or rosin -a sticky substance obtained from conifers) as a component which is a known allergen, 9 it is important that new studies should be better at the reporting of adverse effects, although to date, only one case in an adult appears to have been reported in the literature. 10 …”

Section: Risk Of Bias Assessment Was Undertakenmentioning

confidence: 99%

Substantial reduction in caries from regular fluoride varnish application

Richards¹

2013

Evid Based Dent

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Colophony allergy: a review

Cited by 82 publications

References 65 publications

Scientific Opinion on the safety of Glycerol Esters of Tall Oil Rosin for the proposed uses as a food additive

Scientific Opinion on the safety of Glycerol Esters of Tall Oil Rosin for the proposed uses as a food additive

Scientific Opinion on the safety of glycerol esters of gum rosin for the proposed uses as a food additive

Substantial reduction in caries from regular fluoride varnish application

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