Colony growth strategies, dormancy and repair in some Late Cretaceous encrusting bryozoans: insights into the ecology of the Chalk seabed

Taylor, Paul D.; Martino, Emanuela Di; Martha, Silviu O.

doi:10.1007/s12549-018-0358-8

Cited by 8 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…The ancestrula then buds the adjacent zooids, which in turn continue the colony growth via asexual budding of further zooids 44 . Reparative growth of damaged colony parts frequently occurs 45 , and some species propagate largely via colony fragmentation and subsequent regeneration 46 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Unprecedented frequency of mitochondrial introns in colonial bilaterians

Jenkins

Graham

Porter

et al. 2022

Sci Rep

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Animal mitogenomes are typically devoid of introns. Here, we report the largest number of mitochondrial introns ever recorded from bilaterian animals. Mitochondrial introns were identified for the first time from the phylum Bryozoa. They were found in four species from three families (Order Cheilostomatida). A total of eight introns were found in the complete mitogenome of Exechonella vieirai, and five, 17 and 18 introns were found in the partial mitogenomes of Parantropora penelope, Discoporella cookae and Cupuladria biporosa, respectively. Intron-encoded protein domains reverse transcriptase and intron maturase (RVT-IM) were identified in all species. Introns in E. vieirai and P. penelope had conserved Group II intron ribozyme domains V and VI. Conserved domains were lacking from introns in D. cookae and C. biporosa, preventing their further categorization. Putative origins of metazoan introns were explored in a phylogenetic context, using an up-to-date alignment of mitochondrial RVT-IM domains. Results confirmed previous findings of multiple origins of annelid, placozoan and sponge RVT-IM domains and provided evidence for common intron donor sources across metazoan phyla. Our results corroborate growing evidence that some metazoans with regenerative abilities (i.e. placozoans, sponges, annelids and bryozoans) are susceptible to intron integration, most likely via horizontal gene transfer.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Unprecedented frequency of mitochondrial introns in colonial bilaterians

Jenkins

Graham

Porter

et al. 2022

Sci Rep

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“…Adventitious budding takes place in encrusting tubuliporines, such as Annectocyma, Harmelinopora and Voigtopora (Table 2). It occurs sporadically and enables secondary ‘lateral branching’, supplementing the distal budding that normally takes place in encrusting ‘runner’ and ‘ribbon’ colonies (Harmelin, 1976; Taylor et al, 2018). This budding mode is associated primarily with fixedwalled (exterior-walled) cyclostomes that lack a colony-enveloping epithelium; for this reason, skeletal resorption centred on pseudopores has been invoked as the likely mechanism by which a bud can emerge from the imperforate frontal wall (Harmelin, 1976).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Composite branch construction by dual autozooidal budding modes in hornerids (Bryozoa: Cyclostomatida)

Batson

Tamberg

Taylor

2022

Preprint

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Horneridae (Cyclostomata; Cancellata) is a family of marine bryozoans that form tree-like colonies bearing functionally unilaminate branches. Colony development in this clade is not well understood. We used micro-CT and SEM to trace zooidal budding in Hornera from the ancestrula onwards. Results show that hornerid branches are constructed by dual zooidal budding modes occurring synchronously at two separate budding sites at the growing tips. Frontal autozooids bud from a multizooidal budding lamina. Lateral autozooids bud from discrete abfrontal budding loci by 'exomural budding', a previously undescribed form of budding centred on hypostegal pores in interzooidal grooves on the colonial body wall. These two budding modes are integrated during primary branch morphogenesis, forming composite, developmentally bilaminate, branches. Tracing development back to the founding zooids shows that the ancestrula and adventitious periancestrular autozooids are the first-formed lateral autozooids. They grow as a vertical stem onto which new laterals bud exomurally, intercalating with earlier autozooids to form an expanding funnel. The inner wall of this funnel becomes a ring-shaped budding lamina, from which the first frontal autozooids bud centripetally. When the branch crown splits, the ring lamina is subdivided, each fragment becoming a paramedial budding lamina in its own branch, while new laterals continue to be budded exomurally onto the frontal walls of existing laterals. Co-occurrence of two rare cyclostome frontal budding types - adventitious budding on the ancestrula and exomural budding on the branches - suggests they may be homologous. Patterns of exomural budding vary among hornerids. Narrow-branched taxa possess a single medial line of budding sites on the abfrontal wall; wide-branched species have up to six parallel lines of loci. Exomural budding also occurs sporadically in Calvetia osheai, a radial-branching hornerid. Future studies of cancellate taxonomy and phylogeny may benefit from morphological concepts presented here.

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“…Although the proportion of the shell surface area encrusted is generally low, with plenty of substrate space unoccupied, this is often the case for bryozoan communities (e.g. Rosso & Sanfilippo 2005; Taylor et al 2019) and does not preclude competition for space between bryozoan colonies and other epibionts that happen to grow close to one another. A limited number of interactions has been observed among non‐bryozoan epibionts and bryozoan colonies.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sneaking up on ‘enemies’: alleviating inherent disadvantages in competitive outcomes in a nearly 3-million-year-old palaeocommunity from Florida, USA

Martino

Liow

Perkins

et al. 2020

LET

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Bryozoans offer one of the few systems in which competitive interactions for living space can be studied in the fossil record. Here, we describe the outcome of competitive overgrowths in a 3‐million‐year‐old bryozoan palaeocommunity encrusting shells of the bivalve Anomia simplex from the lower Tamiami Formation in Florida (upper Pliocene, Piacenzian). We found that win–lose overgrowths are more common than stand‐offs in interspecific encounters, while stand‐offs are more common than win–lose overgrowths in intraspecific encounters. We observed more intraspecific encounters and fewer interspecific interactions than expected under a null hypothesis, suggesting that bryozoans of the same species are likely to be clustered. For some species, intraspecific encounters are more likely to result in the apparent fusion of the two colonies, with the development of rows of kenozooids along the contact edge, probably reflecting relatively low dispersal. We also identified some clear winners and some clear losers. A negative correlation was found between the number of colonies observed and the probability of winning for a species, resulting in a dominance of loser species in the assemblage, a pattern previously described as typical for early colonizers of hard substrates. Our results also confirm the finding of earlier studies that having large zooids and, subordinately, multilayered growth are key traits for success in overgrowth competition, with angle of encounter also having an effect for both poor and good competitors that take advantage of ‘attacking’ colonies of other species from the rear and the flank.

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Colony growth strategies, dormancy and repair in some Late Cretaceous encrusting bryozoans: insights into the ecology of the Chalk seabed

Cited by 8 publications

References 45 publications

Unprecedented frequency of mitochondrial introns in colonial bilaterians

Unprecedented frequency of mitochondrial introns in colonial bilaterians

Composite branch construction by dual autozooidal budding modes in hornerids (Bryozoa: Cyclostomatida)

Sneaking up on ‘enemies’: alleviating inherent disadvantages in competitive outcomes in a nearly 3-million-year-old palaeocommunity from Florida, USA

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