Colonisation of Antifouling Paints by Marine Bacteria

Macrofouling in unidirectional flow: miniature pipes as experimental models for studying the interaction of flow and surface characteristics on the attachment of barnacle, bryozoan and polychaete larvae

“…We did not study the composition of the microbial film and, thus, could not determine if there were differences in the species compositions of the biofilms found on different tube surfaces. Biofilm composition becomes increasingly complex with time and varies with the physical/chemical characteristics of the initial surface (Marszalek et al 1979, Dempsey 1981. The composition of biofilm and its change over time, as well as its influence on larval settlement, are topics for future investigation.…”

Presence and effects of marine microbial biofilms on biocide-based antifouling paints

“…On TBT-based paints, a film of diatoms covering the surface could also be found after immersion for 1 year. The slower settlement of diatoms on triphenyltin fluoride (TPTF)-containing coatings was also reported by Dempsey (1981a). According to Woods et al (1988), diatoms might amount to up to 99.9% of the adhered organic material of microfouling films (probably provided that no efficient algaecide is used).…”

“…copper and TBT-based compounds) is rapidly covered by a microbial biofilm (Saroyan, 1969;Bishop et al 1974;Loeb, 1980;Dempsey, 1981a;1981b;Jackson & Jones, 1988;Blair et al 1988;Mihm & Loeb, 1988;Heath et al 1993;Schatzberg, 1996;White et al 34 D. M. Yebra et al 1996;1999;Tang & Cooney, 1998;Woods et al 1988;Cooney & Tang, 1999;Valkirs et al 2003). Some examples of fouling sequences on AF paints are given by Jackson and Jones (1988).…”

“…The latter study was based on bacterial strains settled onto biocide-free glass substrata after a few hours immersion. According to Dempsey (1981a;1981b), Tang and Cooney (1998) and Cooney and Tang (1999), TBT-and Cu 2 þ -species can indeed alter the bacterial population in the early stages, although the final composition of the bacterial biofilms is similar regardless of the biocides employed For example, Smirnova and Voronova (1999) report that copperresistant Gram-negative marine bacteria present larger amounts of phospholipid fragments at the cell walls. Thus, it is somewhat uncertain whether the findings of Grasland et al (2003) can be extrapolated to the early settlement on AF paints.…”

“…Regarding biofilm morphology, Bishop et al (1974), Dempsey (1981a;1981b) and Jackson and Jones (1988) report the formation of a homogeneous and continuous sheet of bacteria embedded in EPS. On the other hand, examples of the formation of discrete colonies can be found in Bishop and Silva (1969) and in Dempsey (1981a;1981b).…”