“…Stigma processes are multidimensional, including enacted stigma, acts of mistreatment and discrimination; perceived or felt-normative stigma, awareness and expectations of negative values and judgment in the social world; and internalized stigma, including shame, self-devaluation, and selfblame among persons belonging to a stigmatized category (Stangl et al, 2019). Legacies and ongoing enactments of colonialism and patriarchal systems reduce women and girls' access to power and opportunities across global contexts, including African nations, compared to men and boys (Agbaje, 2019;Gyan & Mfoafo-M'Carthy, 2022;Jaiyeola & Isaac, 2020;Meier zu Selhausen & Weisdorf, 2016;Revenson & Gurung, 2019). Preventable deaths from pregnancy and childbirth result in 800 women dying per day (World Health Organization, 2023)-half of which occur in Africa (United Nations Population Fund, 2013).…”