Colonial borders and hybrid identities: Lessons from the case of Eritrea

Abstract

Colonialism left numerous borders in its wake that subsequently became contested. These colonial borders have often been discussed as artificial, dividing communities, people or ethnicities that otherwise would belong together. Such an interpretation of colonial borders, I argue in this article, overlooks another important aspect of colonial boundaries: their role in creating nations as ‘imagined communities’ who in making reference to such borders can lay claim to a distinct national identity. While such an identity can be exclusionary and trigger conflict, it can also have a much more positive and ultimately hybrid function. I use the case of Italian colonialism in the Horn of Africa to demonstrate these multiple roles colonial boundaries can occupy and focus specifically on the creation and contestations of the borders of Eritrea. I argue that the acceptance of borders as markers of identity can be a prerequisite for finding innovative ways to overcome exclusions in the everyday lives of borderland groups. Thus, the example of Eritrea could hold wider lessons for addressing postcolonial disputes about borders and boundaries, if institutional arrangements are put in place that allow fluidity in everyday encounters.

Embedded Bordering

“…Bordering technologies themselves are sometimes mobilized for such resistance, such the creation of passports by the Aboriginal Provisional Government in Australia (Mansell, 2017) or the longstanding tradition of First Nations using physical checkpoints on roadways into and through their territory (Midzain-Gobin, 2019). In this way, certain bordering practices and technologies can be understood at once as both an attempt by the colonial state to reconcile the contradictions of settler state sovereignty while also being generative of spaces for contention and resistance (Klein and Kothari, 2020; see also Müller, 2020 andBatterbury, Kowasch andBouard, 2020).…”