Colon Cancer Metastatic to the Lung and the Thyroid Gland

Hanna, Waël C.; Ponsky, Todd A.; Trachiotis, Gregory D.; Knoll, Stanley M.

doi:10.1001/archsurg.141.1.93

Cited by 29 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…But metastases bypassing the liver have been mentioned in several reports over the years, involving the lungs and/or thyroid only. [3][4][5][6][7] The incidence of isolated lung without liver metastases in colon cancer patients ranged from 1% to 3.8% and was only mentioned in a few reports over the decades 3,4 compared to 5.9% in the present series.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 46%

“…But metastases bypassing the liver have been mentioned in several reports over the years, including to the lungs and thyroid. [3][4][5][6] Lung metastases are seen in about 10-15% of all colorectal cancer metastases, but only 10% of these are isolated in the absence of liver metastases. 3,4 The higher incidence of this isolated lung metastases in rectal compared to colonic carcinoma was attributed to the direct hematogenous spread into the systemic circulation via the inferior and middle rectal veins, bypassing the portal venous system.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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How Uncommon are Isolated Lung Metastases in Colorectal Cancer? A Review from Database of 754 Patients Over 4 Years

Tan

Lopes

Sim

2009

Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery

124

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 46%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

How Uncommon are Isolated Lung Metastases in Colorectal Cancer? A Review from Database of 754 Patients Over 4 Years

Tan

Lopes

Sim

2009

Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery

124

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“…Notably, several cases, including the first of two cases reported later in this review, occurred in the setting of a preexisting multinodular goiter or thyroid nodule. In some reports thyroid metastases were suspected because there was enlargement of a preexisting nodule or goiter (22)(23)(24)(25)(26)(27)111,112). The most commonly reported NTMs to metastasize to an abnormal thyroid gland were RCC (n = 14), lung (n = 3), and sarcoma (n = 3).…”

Section: Metastases To Abnormal Thyroid Glandsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metastases to the Thyroid: A Review of the Literature from the Last Decade

Chung

Tran

Brumund

et al. 2012

Thyroid

257

378

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It is important to keep in mind that the thyroid gland can be a site of metastases for a variety of tumors when evaluating a thyroid nodule, especially in a patient with a prior history of malignancy. In patients with thyroid lesions and a history of malignant disease, regardless of time elapsed since the initial diagnosis of the primary neoplasm, disease recurrence or progression of malignancy must be considered until proven otherwise.

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“…The liver is the most common site of distant metastases for colorectal cancer, with 70% of patients presenting with liver metastases followed by the lungs, bone, and brain (1,2). At present, the only cure is complete surgical removal of the primary tumor if diagnosed early; however, up to 45% of these patients still relapse with metastatic disease.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Irinophore C, a Novel Nanoformulation of Irinotecan, Alters Tumor Vascular Function and Enhances the Distribution of 5-Fluorouracil and Doxorubicin

Baker

Lam

Kyle

et al. 2008

Clinical Cancer Research

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Purpose: To examine the antitumor effects of Irinophore C, a nanopharmaceutical formulation of irinotecan, on the tissue morphology and function of tumor vasculature in HT-29 human colorectal tumors. Experimental Design: Fluorescence microscopy was used to map and quantify changes in tissue density, tumor vasculature, hypoxia, and the distribution of Hoechst 33342, a perfusion marker, and the anticancer drug, doxorubicin. Noninvasive magnetic resonance imaging was used to quantify K trans , the volume transfer constant of a solute between the blood vessels and extracellular tissue compartment of the tumor, as a measure of vascular function. Following treatment with Irinophore C, 19F magnetic resonance spectroscopy was used to monitor the delivery of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) to the tumor tissue, whereas scintigraphy was used to quantify the presence of bound [ ), and 5-FU (P = 0.0002) in the tumor. Vascular endothelial growth factor and interleukin-8, two proangiogenic factors, were down-regulated, whereas the antiangiogenic factorTIMP-1was up-regulated in Irinophore C-treated tumors. Conclusions: Irinophore C treatment improves the vascular function of the tumor, thereby reducing tumor hypoxia and increasing the delivery and accumulation of a second drug. Reducing hypoxia would enhance radiotherapy, whereas improving delivery of a second drug to the tumor should result in higher cell kill.The clinical management of metastatic disease originating from colon/colorectal cancer remains challenging. The liver is the most common site of distant metastases for colorectal cancer, with 70% of patients presenting with liver metastases followed by the lungs, bone, and brain (1, 2). At present, the only cure is complete surgical removal of the primary tumor if diagnosed early; however, up to 45% of these patients still relapse with metastatic disease. Standard of care for first-line therapy in patients is a combination of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU; plus leucovorin) with either irinotecan (FOLFIRI) or oxaliplatin (FOLFOX; ref.3). The treatments are associated with prolonged median survivals of 18 to 21 months. Capecitabine, an oral fluoropyrimidine carbamate, has also been used in combination with 5-FU, and clinical data suggest that this combination is comparable with the FOLFIRI and FOLFOX regimens (4, 5). In practice, however, combination therapy with capecitabine is limited because of severe toxicities such as hand-foot syndrome, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, and bone marrow suppression (4, 5). More recently, monoclonal antibodies targeting the epidermal growth factor receptor, such as cetuximab and panitumumab, have been used in combination with standard chemotherapy with promising results (6). The safety and efficacy of bevacizumab, the monoclonal antibody that targets vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF; ref. 7), in combination with FOLFIRI or FOLFOX, was also evaluated recently (8,9). Although both studies were carried out with small Cancer Therapy: Preclinical

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Colon Cancer Metastatic to the Lung and the Thyroid Gland

Cited by 29 publications

References 14 publications

How Uncommon are Isolated Lung Metastases in Colorectal Cancer? A Review from Database of 754 Patients Over 4 Years

How Uncommon are Isolated Lung Metastases in Colorectal Cancer? A Review from Database of 754 Patients Over 4 Years

Metastases to the Thyroid: A Review of the Literature from the Last Decade

Irinophore C, a Novel Nanoformulation of Irinotecan, Alters Tumor Vascular Function and Enhances the Distribution of 5-Fluorouracil and Doxorubicin

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