Colon‐Aerogenes Types of Bacteria as Criteria of Fecal Pollution

Tonney, Fred O.; Noble, Ralph E.

doi:10.1002/j.1551-8833.1932.tb18114.x

Cited by 5 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…He regards a predominance of B. aerogenes over B. coli in a water supply as indicative of soil contamination or past pollution. This point of view has also been taken by others, notably Tonney and Noble (17). Since the early days of sanitary chemical water analysis, distinctions have been made between recent, moderately recent, and past pollution on the basis largely of the type of nitrogen compound present.…”

Section: Differentiation Of Coli-aerogenes Groupmentioning

confidence: 80%

Current Research in Water Bacteriology

Norton

1933

Journal AWWA

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Section: Differentiation Of Coli-aerogenes Groupmentioning

confidence: 80%

Current Research in Water Bacteriology

Norton

1933

Journal AWWA

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“…Occurrence in water. The literature of water bacteriology is much too complex to be reviewed here, as it touches on mediums, tests, interpretations and standards (139,140,18,52,169,24,48,8,60,128,14). Personal communications (1938) from Kulp, Levine, Norton, Butterfield, Mickle, McCrady, Norcum and G. F. Edwards have called attention to many sanitary problems connected with the coliform bacteria.…”

Section: Bergeymentioning

confidence: 99%

Coliform Bacteria

Parr¹

1939

Bacteriological Reviews

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The oldest members of the coliform group of bacteria, as the reviewer conceives it, are Klebsiella pneumoniae, or Friedlinder's bacillus, described in 1882, and K. rhinoscleromatis, which v.Fritsch recorded the same year. Next come Escherichia coli and Aerobacter aerogenes, both of which were ushered into the bacteriological world in 1885 by Escherich. Somewhat younger is A. cloacae, described in 1890 by Jordan. Proteus morgani, the problem child of the group, dates from 1908 and the juveniles are E. freundii, recorded in Braak's Delft thesis of 1928, and K. paralytica, the etiological agent of "moose disease," described in 1932 by Cahn, Wallace, and Thomas. These are the principal members of the coliform group as listed in the fifth edition of Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology (12), a great simplification of the genera Escherichia, Aerobacter and Klebsiella given in the fourth edition (1934) 1 on September 22, 2020 by guest http://mmbr.asm.org/ Downloaded from LELAND W. PARR which contained 35 species. In the latest edition these three genera comprise but ten species.1 With this simplification we are in heartiest accord, but the problem has several aspects. Among them, the principle of simplification, or "lumping," as Skinner and Brudnoy (149) term it, must be defended. The inclusion of the genus Klebsiella2 with the coliform bacteria has to be explained. To claim the Morgan bacillus as a coliform organism will require justification. The broadening of the concept of Escherichia coli to include such forms as E. coli-mutabile and the paracolon bacilli which ferment lactose slowly or not at all is a new development and there are many who will want to know how the "coli-aerogenes intermediates" (180, 165, 25, 123) are classified and why. THE TERM "COLIFORM" The term "coliform" has long been in use by British bacteriologists (4, 23, 59, 92, 100, 132, 133, 160). In America, Breed and Norton (16) suggested the term to describe the lactosefermenting bacteria used as a measure of the pollution of water. In 1937 H. E. Jordan advised that as Editor of the Journal of the American Water Works Association his policy would be to substitute "coliform" bacteria for "B. coli" or "colon group" in papers submitted to him (70). As Jordan also stated, the term "coli-aerogenes" continues as official in water analysis since the eighth edition of Standard Methods of Water Analysis (157) uses it. And "Escherichia-Aerobacter" is also official since that is the terminology employed in the sixth edition of Standard Methods of Milk Analysis (156). SEPARATION OF FRIEDLANDER GROUP FROM OTHER COLIFORM BACTERIA As noted above, the first members of the coliform group to be described were Klebsiella pneumoniae, from acute fibrinous 1The other three species are Klebsiella ozaenae, described by Abel in 1893; K. granulomatis of AragAs and Vianna (1912); and K. capsulata recorded in 1889 by Pfeiffer.

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A Solid Brilliant Green Lactose Bile Medium, for Direct Plating, with Results in Seventeen Hours

Noble

Tonney

1935

Journal AWWA

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Interest has increased in recent years in the use of brilliant green lactose bile, as a supplement to or a possible substitute for the standard lactose broth medium of water analysis. This trend has been stimulated by certain negative aspects of the latter medium. Jordan (1) has stressed (a) the too frequent non-specificity of lactose broth for the primary colon group in some waters, (b) its over-sensitiveness in others-also suggested by us (2), and (c) the loss of time for control purposes during successive steps of confirmation.To meet these objections, Jordan has suggested planting the two media in parallel. When both are found positive, he regards the finding as specific for the presence of the coli-aerogenes group. If the lactose broth only is positive, however, he recommends another transfer to brilliant green bile, which, if then positive, would again be regarded as specific for the group, whereas if negative, further confirmatory evidence would have to be obtained. The purpose of this dual testing procedure was to gain in specificity and to shorten the time required by the completed standard methods. Of course, it did not yield quantitative findings which could be expressed in any reliable way.Our previous studies with ferro cyanide citrate agar (3) suggested the possible feasibility of converting the well known liquid brilliant green lactose bile medium to a solid form, suitable for direct plating purposes. The outcome of our effort in this direction is the pour plate medium here reported, which is necessarily altered in composition, but contains all the ingredients of the original liquid medium, in concentrations to produce optimum growth of coli-aerogenes organisms. In addition, ferric chloride, erioglaucine, basic fuchsin, and anhydrous sodium sulphite have been added in order to bring

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Colon‐Aerogenes Types of Bacteria as Criteria of Fecal Pollution

Cited by 5 publications

References 18 publications

Current Research in Water Bacteriology

Current Research in Water Bacteriology

Coliform Bacteria

A Solid Brilliant Green Lactose Bile Medium, for Direct Plating, with Results in Seventeen Hours

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