Monolayers of ligand-grafted
nanoparticles at fluid interfaces
exhibit a complex response to deformation due to an interplay of particle
rearrangements within the monolayer, and molecular rearrangements
of the ligand brush on the surface of the particles. We use grazing-incidence
small-angle X-ray scattering (GISAXS) combined with pendant drop tensiometry
to probe in situ the dynamic organization of ligand-grafted nanoparticles
upon adsorption at a fluid–fluid interface, and during monolayer
compression. Through the simultaneous measurements of interparticle
distance, obtained from GISAXS, and of surface pressure, obtained
from pendant drop tensiometry, we link the interfacial stress to the
monolayer microstructure. The results indicate that, during adsorption,
the nanoparticles form rafts that grow while the interparticle distance
remains constant. For small-amplitude, slow compression of the monolayer,
the evolution of the interparticle distance bears a signature of ligand
rearrangements leading to a local decrease in thickness of the ligand
brush. For large-amplitude compression, the surface pressure is found
to be strongly dependent on the rate of compression. Two-dimensional
Brownian dynamics simulations show that the rate-dependent features
are not due to jamming of the monolayer, and suggest that they may
be due to out-of-plane reorganization of the particles (for instance
expulsion or buckling). The corresponding GISAXS patterns are also
consistent with out-of-plane reorganization of the nanoparticles.