Collision Risk of Birds with Modern Large Wind Turbines

Abstract

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Collision risk and micro-avoidance rates of birds with wind turbines in Flanders

“…The radius of the search circle around the turbines (Table 1) was in most cases equal to the mast height × 1.1, as in Krijgsveld et al (2009) and Winkelman (1992), up to the mast height × 1.2 (rarely × 1.6) or the tip height of the turbines (=highest point of the moving blades). The systematic searches within the search area were performed by one person (the author) who walked in parallel line transects with a distance of 4-6 m between the lines depending on the type of vegetation.…”

Raptor Interactions With Wind Energy: Case Studies From Around the World

“…However, numbers of between 0.05-28 birds per turbine per year are commonly given although figures of over 60 birds per turbine per year have also been stated (Johnson et al 2002;Barrios & Rodríguez 2004;Hötker et al 2004;Everaert & Stienen 2007;de Lucas et al 2008;Drewitt & Langston 2008;Krijgsveld et al 2009;Winkelman et al 2008). This variation is strongly related to the flux (or flight intensity) through a wind farm area.…”

“…This variation is strongly related to the flux (or flight intensity) through a wind farm area. The higher the bird-flux (number of flights), the more collision victims can be expected (Krijgsveld et al 2009; collision rate = collision risk * flux). Some field studies have revealed that certain turbines within a wind farm have a higher risk for birds than others.…”

Методики Изучения Миграций Птиц На Территориях Ветровых Электростанций

“…Заметим, что данные приводятся для периода 1980-1990-е годы и ветроустановок старого поколения (Fact Sheet, 2005;Smallwood, Thelander, 2005). Современные ветровые парки с турбинами более 1 МВт в меньшей степени влияют на птиц (Krijgsveld et al,2009;Gray , 2012;Горлов та ін., 2014с).…”