Collegiate Athletic Trainers' Knowledge of the Female Athlete Triad and Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport

Kroshus, Emily; DeFreese, J. D.; Kerr, Zachary Y.

doi:10.4085/1062-6050-52.11.29

Cited by 32 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 22 publications

(21 reference statements)

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“…Research published in the past four years has established that low EA is more easily and accurately identified by the use of surrogate markers including suppressed resting RMR [27,38,43] and validated questionnaires that screen for a drive for thinness and physiological symptoms associated with low EA [30]. Understanding athletes' and coaches' knowledge and perspectives on low EA and its health and performance consequences is required [10]. Few education initiatives exist to improve athlete understanding of low EA and its associated health and performance consequences [11].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, there is little research exploring the knowledge coaches have on this topic. A recent cross-sectional survey that investigated knowledge of the Triad and RED-S among head athletic trainers at National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) member institutions reported that almost all principal athletic trainers (98.6%) were aware of the Triad [10]. Only one-third (33%) were aware of RED-S [10].…”

Section: Knowledge Of Low Energy Availability and Relative Energy Defmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A recent cross-sectional survey that investigated knowledge of the Triad and RED-S among head athletic trainers at National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) member institutions reported that almost all principal athletic trainers (98.6%) were aware of the Triad [10]. Only one-third (33%) were aware of RED-S [10]. Furthermore, 60% and 71% of principal athletic trainers reported that athletes were screened for eating disorders and menstrual irregularities respectively.…”

Section: Knowledge Of Low Energy Availability and Relative Energy Defmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Furthermore, the review highlights recent data on the prevalence and risk of low EA, within-day energy deficiency and the health and sporting performance consequences associated with low EA. Furthermore, the published literature on awareness and knowledge of RED-S among athletes and coaches has been evaluated to identify gaps in the practical application of low EA education in sports [8][9][10][11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Low Energy Availability in Athletes 2020: An Updated Narrative Review of Prevalence, Risk, Within-Day Energy Balance, Knowledge, and Impact on Sports Performance

et al. 2020

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Low energy availability (EA) underpins the female and male athlete triad and relative energy deficiency in sport (RED-S). The condition arises when insufficient calories are consumed to support exercise energy expenditure, resulting in compromised physiological processes, such as menstrual irregularities in active females. The health concerns associated with longstanding low EA include menstrual/libido, gastrointestinal and cardiovascular dysfunction and compromised bone health, all of which can contribute to impaired sporting performance. This narrative review provides an update of our previous review on the prevalence and risk of low EA, within-day energy deficiency, and the potential impact of low EA on performance. The methods to assess EA remain a challenge and contribute to the methodological difficulties in identifying “true” low EA. Screening female athletic groups using a validated screening tool such as the Low Energy Availability in Females Questionnaire (LEAF-Q) has shown promise in identifying endurance athletes at risk of low EA. Knowledge of RED-S and its potential implications for performance is low among coaches and athletes alike. Development of sport and gender-specific screening tools to identify adolescent and senior athletes in different sports at risk of RED-S is warranted. Education initiatives are required to raise awareness among coaches and athletes of the importance of appropriate dietary strategies to ensure that sufficient calories are consumed to support training.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Knowledge Of Low Energy Availability and Relative Energy Defmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Knowledge Of Low Energy Availability and Relative Energy Defmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Low Energy Availability in Athletes 2020: An Updated Narrative Review of Prevalence, Risk, Within-Day Energy Balance, Knowledge, and Impact on Sports Performance

et al. 2020

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“…This stress has been associated with changes in dietary behavior by the athlete resulting in severe food restriction, capable of developing into one of the components of the triad, eating disorders. The etiology of another component, menstrual dysfunction, although it is multifactorial, is directly related to a restricted caloric intake, negative energy balance, low energy availability, sudden onset of vigorous exercise, and others (Kroshus, et al, 2018;Marcason, 2016), triggering menstrual and bone dysfunction. Therefore, in these conditions, female TALITA ADÃO PERINI DE OLIVEIRA, GLAUBER LAMEIRA DE OLIVEIRA, JOÃO RAFAEL VALENTIN-SILVA, ESTÉLIO HENRIQUE MARTINS DANTAS, JOSÉ FERNANDES FILHO -…”

Section: The Female Athlete Triad Syndromementioning

confidence: 99%

Untitled

2018

JPES

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Many studies associate physical exercise with an improvement in quality of life influenced by the development of health status, however, it is almost a consensus that sport has an opposite effect marked by an increase in the number of injuries and a general decrease in the health of the high athlete level. In female athletes, however, a syndrome caused by low energy consumption coupled with many hours of intense training per week can lead to a condition called the Athlete Women's Triad. This condition seems to be related to the sports modality, reaching a prevalence of 16% of the three symptoms that characterize it up to 60% of at least 1 of the three symptoms in some high-performance sports modalities. The pathogenesis of this disease contributes to a decrease in athletic performance, the appearance of amenorrhea which can cause a decrease in bone mineral density and lead to important disorders in the cardiovascular, endocrine and immune systems, for example. Thus, knowing the symptoms of this disease can lead to the promotion of countermeasures that allow the maintenance of the performance and health of the female athlete. To do this, a careful review of the literature (n = 966) was performed observing the most prevalent variables with the objective of discussing different points related to this syndrome, promoting an update on the effects on performance, health and measures for avoid its development in female athlete.

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Knowledge on relative energy deficiency in sport among physiotherapists and physicians

Verhoef,

Wielink,

Achterberg

et al. 2024

European Journal of Sport Science

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Relative energy deficiency in sport (RED‐S) refers to an impaired physiological functioning caused by low energy availability in both male and female athletes. It may affect many physiological processes, causing, among others, stress fractures and disturbed menstrual cycles. Athletes may present these symptoms to different health care workers. The purpose of this research was to investigate the awareness and knowledge of physiotherapists, general practitioners, gynaecologists, sports physicians and orthopaedic surgeons on RED‐S. An online questionnaire on awareness and knowledge of RED‐S was developed for the above‐mentioned health experts. A total number of 799 respondents were included for analysis, and 22.0% of the respondents had heard of the existence of RED‐S. The highest percentage was reported by sports physicians (92.9%) and the lowest among general practitioners (10.1%). Sports physicians scored highest on knowledge questions about RED‐S with a mean score of 8.9, and physiotherapists scored lowest with a mean score of 5.7. Of all respondents, 57.6% reported feeling competent discussing possible underlying problems of RED‐S and 7.4% felt qualified treating RED‐S. Of the responding gynaecologists, 46.6% would suggest starting oral contraception when presented a patient with symptoms of RED‐S, thereby only masking the symptoms of amenorrhoea but not treating the underlying cause: a low energy availability. This research reports a low awareness and knowledge among participating physiotherapists, general practitioners, gynaecologists and orthopaedic surgeons on RED‐S. Therefore, further education for these specialists on this topic is needed, since most athletes will initially consult these health care providers first.

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Collegiate Athletic Trainers' Knowledge of the Female Athlete Triad and Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport

Cited by 32 publications

References 22 publications

Low Energy Availability in Athletes 2020: An Updated Narrative Review of Prevalence, Risk, Within-Day Energy Balance, Knowledge, and Impact on Sports Performance

Low Energy Availability in Athletes 2020: An Updated Narrative Review of Prevalence, Risk, Within-Day Energy Balance, Knowledge, and Impact on Sports Performance

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Knowledge on relative energy deficiency in sport among physiotherapists and physicians

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