Collective unconscious: How gut microbes shape human behavior

Dinan, Timothy G.; Stilling, Roman M.; Stanton, Catherine; Cryan, John F.

doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2015.02.021

Cited by 436 publications

(328 citation statements)

References 72 publications

(80 reference statements)

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“…The human adult gut contains over 1kg of bacteria, essentially the same weight as the human brain 1 . It is generally estimated that the gut is inhabited by 10 13 -10 14 microorganisms, which is more than ten times the number of human cells in our bodies and contains over 100 times as many genes as in our genome 2 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Microbiome-Gut-Brain Axis in Health and Disease

Dinan

Cryan

2017

Gastroenterology Clinics of North America

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705

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Type of publicationArticle (peer-reviewed) Abstract/SummaryGut microbes are capable of producing most neurotransmitters found in the human brain.While these neurotransmitters primarily act locally in the gut, modulating the enteric nervous system, evidence is now accumulating to support the view that gut microbes through multiple mechanisms can influence central neurochemistry and behavior. This has been described as a fundamental paradigm shift in neuroscience. Bifidobacteria for example can produce and increase plasma levels of the serotonin precursor tryptophan, which is fundamental in regulating mood, appetite and gastrointestinal function. CertainLactobacilli have been shown to produce gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and to alter brain GABA receptor expression and behavior. IBS is regarded as the prototypic disorder of the brain-gut-microbiota axis which can be responsive to probiotic therapy.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Microbiome-Gut-Brain Axis in Health and Disease

Dinan

Cryan

2017

Gastroenterology Clinics of North America

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705

503

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“…This situation may influence the evolution and dynamics of a variety of inflammatory diseases. Microbiome genes within the human gut microbiota, which significantly outnumber human genes in the body, can produce a plethora of neuroactive proteins/peptides [2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rhamnolipids, Microbial Virulence Factors, in Alzheimer’s Disease

Andreadou

Pantazaki

Daniilidou

et al. 2017

JAD

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Abstract. Alzheimer's disease (AD) has been attributed to chronic bacterial infections. The recognition of human microbiota as a substantial contributor to health and disease is relatively recent and growing. During evolution, mammals live in a symbiotic state with myriads of microorganisms that survive at a diversity of tissue micro-surroundings. Microbes produce a plethora of secretory products [amyloids, lipopolysaccharides, virulence factors rhamnolipids (RLs), toxins, and a great number of neuroactive compounds]. The contribution of infectious microbial components to the pathophysiology of the human central nervous system including AD is considered potentially substantial, but the involvement of the RLs has never been reported. Here, RLs were isolated from serum and identified through various conventional methods including the colorimetric orcinol method, thin-layer chromatography, attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR), and dot blot using antibodies against RLs. Dot blot demonstrated elevated RL levels in sera of AD patients compared to controls (p = 0.014). Moreover, ELISA showed similarly elevated RL levels in cerebrospinal fluid of both AD (0.188 versus 0.080) (p = 0.04) and mild cognitive impairment (0.188 versus 0.129) (p = 0.088) patients compared to healthy, and are wellcorrelated with the AD stages severity assessed using the Mini-Mental State Examination. These results provide conclusive evidence for the newly-reported implication of RLs in AD, adding it to the list of bacterial components, opening new avenues for AD investigation. Moreover, they strengthen and vindicate the divergence of research toward the exploration of bacterial involvement in AD generation and progression.

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“…Mazurek et al suggest that gastrointestinal problems are interrelated with and possibly have common underlying mechanisms with anxiety and sensory over-responsivity in ASD children [96]. Others have recently supported this hypothesis as well [97][98][99] In a mechanistic approach these recent works support the 1994 study by Stefano and colleagues, who suggested inappropriately activated immune cells could and do wander into the brain releasing common chemical messengers and that in so doing stimulates abnormal behavioral outcomes, e.g., autism-like.…”

Section: Environmental Factorsmentioning

confidence: 89%

Autism-A Multifaceted Diffuse Pathology

Brejlova¹,

Domkarova²,

Stefano³

2015

J Psychiatry

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Journal of Psychiatry AbstractThe causes of pervasive developmental disorders have yet to be resolved. Needless to say, the etiology is complex as are the individual factors, especially in regard to autism. Certain findings may be integrated into early coherent models, but the heterogeneity of findings remains a central feature of autism. The present review examines contemporary areas of research and a few prominent theories specifically dealing with autism. The areas under scrutiny are divided into common academic compartments, such as biological, environmental. Autism represents a very timely topic due to its rising incidence in the population as well as changes in previous concepts occurring at this time. Besides the neurological, biological and epidemiological factors contributing and possibly initiating this disorder we discuss the possible involvement of endogenous morphine, especially in regard to depression and limbic functions. Lastly, we advance the theory that dysfunctional mitochondria appear to be involved in autism as well, explaining the widespread occurrence of its characteristics within the construct of susceptibility to stress and trauma. Thus, the diffuse manifestations of Pervasive Developmental Disorder occur potentially by altering energy processes.

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Collective unconscious: How gut microbes shape human behavior

Cited by 436 publications

References 72 publications

The Microbiome-Gut-Brain Axis in Health and Disease

The Microbiome-Gut-Brain Axis in Health and Disease

Rhamnolipids, Microbial Virulence Factors, in Alzheimer’s Disease

Autism-A Multifaceted Diffuse Pathology

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