1984
DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.52.1590
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Collective Flow Observed in Relativistic Nuclear Collisions

Abstract: The reactions Ca + Ca and Nb 4-Nb at 400 MeV/nucleon have been studied at the Bevalac using the "Plastic Ball" spectrometer. A global analysis of the events shows two nontrivial collective flow effects: the bounceoff of the projectile fragments, and the side-splash of the intermediate-rapidity fragments for the higher-multiplicity Nb + Nb events. Neither effect is seen in a knockon cascade calculation. A simulation with an event-generating statistical model has been done in order to extract the magnitudes of t… Show more

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Cited by 438 publications
(224 citation statements)
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“…[1] and studied for various non-trivial test problems in [1] and the present work will find numerous applications in multi-dimensional hydrodynamical problems. Of special interest is a deeper understanding of the flow as discovered in BEVALAC experiments a decade ago [24] and just recently confirmed by quantitatively excellent data from the EOS-collaboration [25]. Flow was also observed in recent AGS experiments [26].…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 94%
“…[1] and studied for various non-trivial test problems in [1] and the present work will find numerous applications in multi-dimensional hydrodynamical problems. Of special interest is a deeper understanding of the flow as discovered in BEVALAC experiments a decade ago [24] and just recently confirmed by quantitatively excellent data from the EOS-collaboration [25]. Flow was also observed in recent AGS experiments [26].…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 94%
“…Our discussion shall address this question and characterize the limitations of a linear treatment of fluid dynamic fluctuations in heavy ion collisions, thus gaining some insight into the conditions for onset of turbulent behavior. 2 Our work is organized as follows. In section 2, we show that mild extension of models of fluctuating initial conditions give rise to fluctuations in all fluid fields.…”
Section: Jhep11(2011)100mentioning
confidence: 99%
“…On the experimental side, characteristic correlations of particle production with the event plane had been interpreted as qualitative support for fluid dynamic behavior since the very first relativistic heavy ion collision experiments at the BEVALAC in the 1980s [2]. Early qualitative predictions, based on fluid dynamics, include notably the argument [3] that the second harmonics of the azimuthal particle distribution (elliptic flow v 2 ) changes at mid-rapidity from out-of-plane to in-plane emission at higher center of mass energy.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Nuclear fluid dynamics had been the first theory to predict that such novel states of nuclear matter are formed in nuclear collisions [2,3]. The collective flow, predicted as a consequence of the buildup of high pressure in the dense matter [4,5], has indeed been discovered in a series of pioneering experiments at LBL's Bevalac, using the Plastic Ball and Streamer Chamber spectrometers: The bounce-off effect [4] and the resulting in-plane flow were first observed [6,7]. The squeeze-out of the hot participant matter perpendicular to the reaction plane ("off-plane") [4,5] has only recently been discovered experimentally [8].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%