Collection, collation and analysis of data in relation to reference heights and reference weights for female and male children and adolescents (0–18 years) in the EU, as well as in relation to the age of onset of puberty and the age at which different stages of puberty are reached in adolescents in the EU

Buuren, Stef van; Schönbeck, Yvonne; Dommelen, Paula van

doi:10.2903/sp.efsa.2012.en-255

Cited by 34 publications

(36 citation statements)

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“…For children, rounded mean values of the median weight-for-age of boys and girls aged 24 months, (according to the WHO Growth Standard (WHO Multicentre Growth Reference Study Group, 2006)), and aged 5, 8.5, 12.5 and 16 years (according to (van Buuren et al, 2012)) were used. The following growth factors were applied: 0.25 for boys and girls aged 1-3 years, 0.06 for boys and girls aged 4-6 years, 0.13 for boys and girls aged 7-10 years, 0.11 for boys and 0.08 for girls aged 11-14 years and 0.08 for boys and 0.03 for girls aged 15-17 years.…”

Section: Infants and Children 62mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The value for each age group corresponds to the mean of values for the years included (see Appendix G of EFSA NDA Panel (2014a)). van Buuren et al (van Buuren et al, 2012). (b): Adequate Intakes were derived from the unrounded AIs for adults after adjustment on the basis of differences in reference body weight, then rounded to the closest 0.5.…”

Section: Infants and Children 62mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Scientific Opinion on Dietary Reference Values for cobalamin (vitamin B12)

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Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA) derived Dietary Reference Values (DRVs) for cobalamin (vitamin B12). The Panel considers that the approach based on a combination of biomarkers of cobalamin status, i.e. serum cobalamin, holotranscobalamin (holoTC), methylmalonic acid (MMA) and plasma total homocysteine (tHcy), is the most suitable approach to derive DRVs for cobalamin. The Panel notes the uncertainties with respect to cut-off values for cobalamin insufficiency of these indicators and that an Average Requirement (AR) cannot be determined from the limited data available. There is consistent evidence in adults that a cobalamin intake of 4 µg/day and greater is associated with serum concentrations of holoTC and cobalamin within the reference ranges derived from healthy subjects, together with MMA and tHcy concentrations below the cut-off values for adults, which indicates an adequate cobalamin status. Therefore, the Panel sets an Adequate Intake (AI) for cobalamin at 4 µg/day for adults based on data on different biomarkers of cobalamin status and in consideration of observed mean intakes, which range between 4.2 and 8.6 μg/day in adults in several EU countries. AIs for infants and children are calculated by extrapolation from the AI for adults using allometric scaling and applying a growth factor. Estimated AIs range from 1.5 µg/day in infants aged 7-11 months to 4 µg/day in children aged 15-17 years. For pregnancy and lactation, additional cobalamin intakes related to the accumulation of cobalamin in fetal tissues and transfer of cobalamin into breast milk are considered and AIs of 4.5 and 5 µg/day, respectively, are proposed. Cobalamin is a metal complex with a central cobalt atom bonded to six ligands. The upper or β-axial ligand varies (R-group: cyano-, hydroxo-, aquo-, methyl-or adenosyl-group), giving rise to the correspondingly named chemical forms of the vitamin. In humans, two reactions are known to require cobalamin as coenzyme. One is the rearrangement of methylmalonyl-coenzyme A (CoA) to succinylCoA in propionate metabolism by methylmalonyl-CoA mutase in mitochondria. The other is the cytosolic transmethylation of homocysteine by 5-methyl-tetrahydrofolate to methionine by methionine synthase. The most frequent clinical expression of cobalamin deficiency is megaloblastic anaemia. Independent of megaloblastic anaemia, neurological dysfunction is another clinical feature of cobalamin deficiency. Cobalamin insufficiency is characterised by biochemical abnormalities, such as elevated total homocysteine (tHcy) and/or methylmalonic acid (MMA) concentrations in blood resulting from impaired cobalamin metabolic activity, with no specific clinical symptoms. © EuropeanCobalamin absorption consists of several steps, including its release from proteins, its binding by gastric intrinsic factor and the absorption of intrinsic factor-cobalamin complexes through receptormediated endocytosis in the terminal ileum. Fractional absor...

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Section: Infants and Children 62mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Infants and Children 62mentioning

confidence: 99%

Scientific Opinion on Dietary Reference Values for cobalamin (vitamin B12)

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“…REE was calculated using the predictive equations of Henry (2005) and Schofield et al (1985) and median body masses and heights taken from the WHO Growth Standards (for children up to two years) (WHO Multicentre Growth Reference Study Group, 2006) or from harmonised growth curves of EU children (for children from 3 to 17 years) (van Buuren et al, 2012). For the same reasons as outlined for adults, and because the results obtained with these two equations were very similar, only the predictive equations of Henry (2005) were applied for the estimation of REE values.…”

Section: Energymentioning

confidence: 99%

Dietary Reference Values for nutrients Summary report

2017

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Dietary reference values (DRVs) is an umbrella term for the complete set of nutrient reference values which include population reference intakes (PRIs), the average requirements (ARs), adequate intakes (AIs) and reference intake (RIs) ranges for macronutrients. These values indicate the amount of a nutrient which must be consumed on a regular basis to maintain health in an otherwise healthy individual (or population). In 2005, the European Commission asked EFSA to review the advice of the Scientific Committee for Food (SCF) dated 1993 on DRVs for the European population, to ensure that Community action in the area of nutrition was underpinned by the latest scientific evidence. The task was entrusted to the EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA). The Panel set the foundations for this task in an inaugural opinion published in 2010, which addressed the general principles for deriving and applying DRVs. A total of 32 scientific opinions were then published over 7 years, covering water, fats, carbohydrates and dietary fibre, protein, energy, as well as 14 vitamins and 13 minerals. This summary report brings together the summaries of the individual opinions, together with synthetic tables and annexes. It provides an overview of the outcome of EFSA's scientific deliberations for easy reference by end-users. This report is not meant to replace the original opinions. For the detailed reasoning behind individual values, the reader is invited to consult the full opinions.

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“…For children aged 1-3 years, the requirement for bone calcium accretion is 120 mg/day, for endogenous faecal calcium loss is 1.5 mg/kg body weight per day, for urinary calcium loss is 2 mg/kg body weight per day and for dermal losses is 13 mg/day, extrapolated by allometric scaling (body weight 0.67 ) from the value for adults (40 mg/day; Section 2.3.6.2) and averaged over the 3 years. Using median body weights of boys and girls aged 1, 2 (WHO Multicentre Growth Reference Study Group, 2006) and 3 years (van Buuren et al, 2012), physiological requirements were calculated for both sexes combined and per year. These were averaged and the dietary requirement was derived assuming a calcium absorption of 45 % (see Section 2.3.1).…”

Section: Childrenmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Dermal losses were extrapolated by allometric scaling (body weight 0.67 ) from the value for adults (40 mg/day; Section 2.3.6.2) and averaged over the 3 years. Using median body weights of boys and girls aged 4, 5 and 6 years (van Buuren et al, 2012), physiological requirements were calculated for the combined sexes at each year of age. These were averaged and the dietary requirement of 681 mg/day was derived assuming a calcium absorption of 30 %.…”

Section: Childrenmentioning

confidence: 99%

Scientific Opinion on Dietary Reference Values for calcium

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2015

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Following a request from the European Commission, the Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies derived Dietary Reference Values for calcium. These include Average Requirement (AR), Population Reference Intake (PRI) and Adequate Intake (AI). For adults, data were analysed from a number of balance studies undertaken in North America and the mean value at which calcium intake equals excretion was calculated as 715 mg/day in adults ≥ 25 years. An allowance for dermal calcium losses (not included in the balance data) of 40 mg/day was added to derive an AR of 750 mg/day. The upper bound of the 95 % prediction interval at the estimated population mean at null balance (which represents the 97.5 th percentile of the distribution of the individual predictions for each calcium intake level) was 904 mg/day, and when dermal losses are added this gives a PRI of 950 mg/day for adults ≥ 25 years. For infants (7-11 months), an AI was derived by extrapolating the average amount of calcium absorbed by exclusively breast-fed infants (120 mg/day) using isometric scaling and assuming an absorption of 60 %, and was calculated as 280 mg/day. The AR for children was derived using the factorial approach. The total quantity of calcium required for bone accretion and replacement of endogenous losses was adjusted for percentage absorption to derive PRIs for children aged 1-3, 4-10 and 11-17 years of 450, 800 and 1 150 mg/day, respectively. The PRI for young adults (18-24 years), who still accumulate calcium in bones, is 1 000 mg/day. This is the intermediate value between children aged 11-17 years and adults. Taking into consideration adaptive changes in calcium metabolism that occur during pregnancy and lactation, the PRI for non-pregnant women also applies to pregnant and lactating women of the same age group. Calcium is an integral component of the skeleton; approximately 99 % of total body calcium is found in bones and teeth as calcium hydroxyapatite, where it has a structural role. The remaining 1 % of calcium found in the body acts as an essential intracellular messenger in cells and tissues. © EuropeanIntestinal calcium absorption occurs through both an active, saturable, transcellular process and a nonsaturable, passive process. Active transport is controlled by 1,25(OH) 2 D and passive transport is paracellular. Calcium absorption varies considerably throughout the lifespan, being higher during periods of rapid growth and lower in old age. Calcium absorption is affected by vitamin D status; it has been shown to be low in patients with vitamin D deficiency, but there is uncertainty about the serum concentration of 25(OH)D that is required for optimal calcium absorption. Unabsorbed dietary calcium is lost in the faeces. The main routes of obligatory (endogenous) calcium loss are urine, faeces, and skin and sweat (dermal losses).If the dietary supply of calcium is insufficient to meet physiological requirements, calcium is resorbed from the skeleton to maintain blood concentrations within the range required for norm...

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Cited by 34 publications

References 44 publications

Scientific Opinion on Dietary Reference Values for cobalamin (vitamin B12)

Scientific Opinion on Dietary Reference Values for cobalamin (vitamin B12)

Dietary Reference Values for nutrients Summary report

Scientific Opinion on Dietary Reference Values for calcium

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