Collapsars as Sites of r-process Nucleosynthesis: Systematic Near-Infrared Follow-up of Type Ic-BL Supernovae

Anand, Shreya; Barnes, Jennifer L.; Yang, Shiwen; Kasliwal, M. M.; Coughlin, M. W.; Sollerman, J.; De, Kishalay; Fremling, C.; Corsi, A.; Ho, Anna Y. Q.; Balasubramanian, Arvind; Omand, Conor M. B.; Srinivasaragavan, Gokul P.; Cenko, S. Bradley; Ahumada, Tomás; Andreoni, Igor; Dahiwale, A.; Das, Kaustav K.; Jencson, J.; Karambelkar, Viraj; Kumar, Harsh; Metzger, Brian D.; Perley, D.; Sarin, N.; Schweyer, T.; Schulze, S.; Sharma, Y.; Sit, Tawny; Stein, Robert J.; Tartaglia, L.; Tinyanont, Samaporn; Tzanidakis, Anastasios; Roestel, Jan van; Yao, Yuhan; Bloom, Joshua S.; Cook, D.; Dekany, Richard; Graham, M. J.; Groom, Steven L.; Kaplan, David L.; Masci, Frank J.; Medford, Michael S.; Riddle, Reed; Zhang, Chaoran

doi:10.48550/arxiv.2302.09226

Cited by 6 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 115 publications

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“…Furthermore, the specifics of the r-process signal evident in Figures 8 and 9 are a function of our chosen M ej , M 56 , and E k , as well as of the r-process parameters. (More detailed discussions of how to make appropriate comparisons between r-process-enriched and r-process-free models can be found in BM22 and Anand et al 2023. ) Thus, while this analysis is useful as a proof of concept, the conclusions we draw from it cannot be trivially extended to other regions of parameter space.…”

Section: Model Subset Photometrymentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydrodynamic Mixing of Accretion Disk Outflows in Collapsars: Implications for r-process Signatures

Barnes

Duffell

2023

ApJ

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The astrophysical environments capable of triggering heavy-element synthesis via rapid neutron capture (the r-process) remain uncertain. While binary neutron star mergers (NSMs) are known to forge r-process elements, certain rare supernovae (SNe) have been theorized to supplement—or even dominate—r-production by NSMs. However, the most direct evidence for such SNe, unusual reddening of the emission caused by the high opacities of r-process elements, has not been observed. Recent work identified the distribution of r-process material within the SN ejecta as a key predictor of the ease with which signals associated with r-process enrichment could be discerned. Though this distribution results from hydrodynamic processes at play during the SN explosion, thus far it has been treated only in a parameterized way. We use hydrodynamic simulations to model how disk winds—the alleged locus of r-production in rare SNe—mix with initially r-process-free ejecta. We study mixing as a function of the wind mass, wind duration, and the initial SN explosion energy, and find that it increases with the first two of these and decreases with the third. This suggests that SNe accompanying the longest long-duration gamma-ray bursts are promising places to search for signs of r-process enrichment. We use semianalytic radiation transport to connect hydrodynamics to electromagnetic observables, allowing us to assess the mixing level at which the presence of r-process material can be diagnosed from SN light curves. Analytic arguments constructed atop this foundation imply that a wind-driven r-process-enriched SN model is unlikely to explain standard energetic SNe.

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Section: Model Subset Photometrymentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydrodynamic Mixing of Accretion Disk Outflows in Collapsars: Implications for r-process Signatures

Barnes

Duffell

2023

ApJ

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“…However, the median redshift of the ZTF SNe in our sample is compatible with the median redshift (≈0.042) of the full ZTF SN Ic-BL population presented in G. P. Srinivasaragavan et al (2023, in preparation). A subset of the SNe Ic-BL presented here is also analyzed in a separate paper and in a different context (rprocess nucleosynthesis; Anand et al 2023). In this work, we report for the first time the results of our radio follow-up campaign of these events.…”

Section: Multiwavelength Observationsmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…We refer the reader to Anand et al (2023) for details about this SN Ic-BL. Its P48 light curves and the spectrum used for classification are shown in Figures 1 and 4, respectively.…”

Section: A9 Sn 2020rphmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Search for Relativistic Ejecta in a Sample of ZTF Broad-lined Type Ic Supernovae

Corsi,

Ho,

Cenko

et al. 2023

ApJ

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The dividing line between gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) and ordinary stripped-envelope core-collapse supernovae (SNe) is yet to be fully understood. Observationally mapping the variety of ejecta outcomes (ultrarelativistic, mildly relativistic, or nonrelativistic) in SNe of Type Ic with broad lines (Ic-BL) can provide a key test to stellar explosion models. However, this requires large samples of the rare SN Ic-BL events with follow-up observations in the radio, where fast ejecta can be probed largely free of geometry and viewing angle effects. Here, we present the results of a radio (and X-ray) follow-up campaign of 16 SNe Ic-BL detected by the Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF). Our radio campaign resulted in four counterpart detections and 12 deep upper limits. None of the events in our sample is as relativistic as SN 1998bw and we constrain the fraction of SN 1998bw-like explosions to <19% (3σ Gaussian equivalent), a factor of ≈2 smaller than previously established. We exclude relativistic ejecta with radio luminosity densities in between ≈5 × 1027 erg s−1 Hz−1 and ≈1029 erg s−1 Hz−1 at t ≳ 20 days since explosion for ≈60% of the events in our sample. This shows that SNe Ic-BL similar to the GRB-associated SNe 1998bw, 2003lw, and 2010bh, or to the relativistic SNe 2009bb and iPTF17cw, are rare. Our results also exclude an association of the SNe Ic-BL in our sample with largely off-axis GRBs with energies E ≳ 1050 erg. The parameter space of SN 2006aj-like events (faint and fast-peaking radio emission) is, on the other hand, left largely unconstrained, and systematically exploring it represents a promising line of future research.

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“…Depending on the degree of mixing of the outflows with the ejecta, excess near-infrared emission is expected to emerge at different stages of the SN light curves (Siegel et al 2019;Barnes & Metzger 2022). Recently, Anand et al (2023) performed a systematic study of 25 broad-lined Type Ic (Ic-BL) SNe (which are most likely to be associated with collapsars) with optical/near-infrared bands. However, fitting results show no convincing evidence of r-process enrichment in their sample.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Photospheric Velocity Evolution of SN 2020bvc: Signature of r-process Nucleosynthesis from a Collapsar

Zhong

Dai

2023

ApJL

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Whether binary neutron star mergers are the only astrophysical site of rapid neutron-capture process (r-process) nucleosynthesis remains unknown. Collapsars associated with long gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) and hypernovae are promising candidates. Simulations have shown that outflows from collapsar accretion disks can produce enough r-process materials to explain the abundances in the universe. However, there is no observational evidence to confirm this result at present. SN 2020bvc is a broad-lined Type Ic (Ic-BL) supernova (SN) possibly associated with a low-luminosity GRB. Based on semi-analytic SN emission models with and without r-process materials, we perform a fitting to the multiband light curves and photospheric velocities of SN 2020bvc. We find that in a r-process-enriched model the mixing of r-process materials slows down the photospheric recession and therefore matches the velocity evolution better. The fitting results show that r-process materials with mass of ≈0.36 M ⊙ and opacity of ≈4 cm2 g−1 is needed to mix with about half of the SN ejecta. Our fitting results are weakly dependent on the nebular emission. Future statistical analysis of a sample of Type Ic-BL SNe helps us understand the contribution of collapsars to the r-process abundance.

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Collapsars as Sites of r-process Nucleosynthesis: Systematic Near-Infrared Follow-up of Type Ic-BL Supernovae

Cited by 6 publications

References 115 publications

Hydrodynamic Mixing of Accretion Disk Outflows in Collapsars: Implications for r-process Signatures

Hydrodynamic Mixing of Accretion Disk Outflows in Collapsars: Implications for r-process Signatures

A Search for Relativistic Ejecta in a Sample of ZTF Broad-lined Type Ic Supernovae

Photospheric Velocity Evolution of SN 2020bvc: Signature of r-process Nucleosynthesis from a Collapsar

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