Collagen fiber orientation at the tendon to bone insertion and its influence on stress concentrations

Thomopoulos, Stavros; Marquez, J. Pablo; Weinberger, Bradley; Birman, Victor; Genin, Guy M.

doi:10.1016/j.jbiomech.2005.05.021

Cited by 223 publications

(195 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…A potential explanation for the predisposition for failure within the insertion site of Achilles tendons from TS5 À/À mice is the abundance of aggrecan in the pericellular matrix of cells within the fibrocartilaginous interface between tendon and bone, as well as in the adjacent tendon body. Since the architecture and composition of the native insertion site is optimized to reduce stress concentrations, 23 we speculate that the accumulation of aggrecan disrupts the normal mechanism of load transmission from tendon to bone, thereby increasing the likelihood of failure.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Murine tendon function is adversely affected by aggrecan accumulation due to the knockout of ADAMTS5

Wang

Bell

Thakore

et al. 2011

Journal Orthopaedic Research

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The present study examined the effect of ADAMTS5 (TS5) knockout on the properties of murine flexor digitorum longus (FDL) and Achilles tendons. FDL and Achilles tendons were analyzed using biomechanical testing, histology, and immunohistochemistry; further characterization of FDL tendons was conducted using transmission electron microscopy (collagen fibril ultrastructure), SDS-PAGE (collagen content and type), fluorescence-assisted carbohydrate electrophoresis for chondroitin sulfate and hyaluronan, and Western blotting for aggrecan, versican, and decorin abundance and distribution. FDL tendons of TS5 À/À mice showed a 33% larger cross-sectional area, increased collagen fibril area fraction, and decreased material properties relative to those of wild type mice. In TS5 À/À mice, aggrecan accumulated in the pericellular matrix of tendon fibroblasts. In Achilles tendons, cross-sectional area, stress relaxation, and structural properties were similar in TS5 À/À and wild type mice; however, the TS5 À/À tendons exhibited a higher tensile modulus and a weakened enthesis. These results demonstrate that TS5 deficiency disturbs normal tendon collagen organization and alters biomechanical properties. Hence, the role of ADAMTS5 in tendon is to remove pericellular and interfibrillar aggrecan to maintain the molecular architecture responsible for normal tissue function. ß

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Murine tendon function is adversely affected by aggrecan accumulation due to the knockout of ADAMTS5

Wang

Bell

Thakore

et al. 2011

Journal Orthopaedic Research

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“…In addition to force transmission, another crucial role of entheses is to anchor tendons, enabling static and dynamic load resistance. To achieve this, tendon fibers splay, forming a plexus at the insertion point that provides a firm anchor, equally resistive to insertion angle change in response to variable directional loads occurring during joint movement (Benjamin et al, 2006;Thomopoulos et al, 2006). This enthesial design is commonly related to that of tree roots, noting that both plants and tendons require a relatively small proportion of material for anchorage (Ennos et al, 1993;Benjamin et al, 2006).…”

Section: Enthesial Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…All of these entheses indirectly insert into bone through a structure consisting of four distinct zones that progressively shift between structural materials (Fig. 5), (Benjamin et al, , 2006Thomopoulos et al, 2006Thomopoulos et al, , 2011. Moving distally towards the insertion site, the first zone is a dense fibrous connective tissue containing Type I collagen and proteoglycans, forming the tendon proper.…”

Section: Enthesial Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Separating the UF and CF zones is an avascular calcification front, or tidemark (TM), that serves as a boundary between soft and hard tissues (Benjamin et al, 1986(Benjamin et al, , 2006. Mineralization at the TM produces a straight, flat surface, minimizing damage as soft tissue insertion angles change from their natural perpendicular approach during movement (Benjamin et al, 1986Evans et al, 1990;Thomopoulos et al, 2006). Therefore, the TM reduces tendon wear and tear by promoting a gradual bend in collagen, reducing fiber splay within bone's immediate vicinity (Schneider, 1956;Benjamin et al, 1986;Evans et al, 1990;Benjamin and Ralphs, 1998).…”

Section: Enthesial Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Understanding Entheses: Bridging the Gap Between Clinical and Anthropological Perspectives

Schlecht

2012

The Anatomical Record

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An enthesis is the interface where tendon meets bone, providing both muscle anchorage and stress dissipation. Previous anthropological research suggests size and complexity of entheses observable in osteological material, are indicative of the strain magnitude resulting from repetitive muscle contractions during the performance of daily routines. These proposed ''musculoskeletal stress markers'' are routinely incorporated into bioarcheological studies as evidence of general activity patterns past human populations participated in. However, much of how this complex osteotendinous interface develops and responds to mechanical strains is poorly understood. The following review seeks to shed light on this structural enigma by synthesizing current findings in both the clinical and anthropological literature, in the interest of generating new conversations in how entheses respond to contractual forces and the systemic influences (i.e., genetics, hormones), that surround their morphological development. Only once we truly understand the etiology of tendon insertion sites, will the value of enthesial research in reconstructing human behavior be determined. Anat Rec, 295:1239Rec, 295: -1251Rec, 295: , 2012. V C 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Keywords: musculoskeletal stress markers (MSM); fibrocartilaginous; tendon anatomy; tendon insertion; bone morphology Anthropologists regularly implement bone remodeling principles in response to mechanical loads to infer a causal relationship between muscle tendon insertions and activity levels. Previous research suggests size and complexity of tendon insertions are indicative of strain magnitude resulting from habitual physical activity (Lane, 1887;Kennedy, 1989;Hawkey and Merbs, 1995;Churchill and Morris, 1998;Hawkey, 1998;Steen and Lane, 1998;Stirland, 1998;Wilczak and Kennedy, 1998;Capasso et al., 1999;Weiss, 2003Weiss, , 2004Weiss, , 2007 alOumaoui et al., 2004;Molnar, 2006;Cardoso and Henderson, 2010;Thara et al., 2010;Havelkova et al., 2011). Using both qualitative and quantitative data to assess the expression of insertion morphology along long bone diaphyses, inferences are frequently made regarding both generalized and specific activities past humans participated in throughout their daily lives. Recognition of this potential relationship between mechanical strain and the osteotendinous interface has led many to refer to tendon insertions sites as musculoskeletal stress markers (MSM). However, more empirical analyses exploring the factors responsible for these proposed MSM are needed before we can confidently begin to assess individual behavior and draw population-based inferences from series of skeletal remains. With this lack of understanding in the etiology of periosteal tendon insertion morphology, particularly in the mechanical and structural relationship between soft and hard tissues, this interface should be referred to by the clinical term, enthesis.

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“…1) [1][2][3]. At the millimeter length scale, the tendon attaches to the bone with a splayed geometry that dissipates stresses that would otherwise arise at the corners [4]. As a result of this splayed morphology, the tendon attachment to the bone has a millimeter-scale footprint.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Allometry of the Tendon Enthesis: Mechanisms of Load Transfer Between Tendon and Bone

Deymier-Black

Pasteris²,

Genin

et al. 2015

Journal of Biomechanical Engineering

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Several features of the tendon-to-bone attachment were examined allometrically to determine load transfer mechanisms. The humeral head diameter increased geometrically with animal mass. Area of the attachment site exhibited a near isometric increase with muscle physiological cross section. In contrast, the interfacial roughness as well as the mineral gradient width demonstrated a hypoallometric relationship with physiologic cross-sectional area (PCSA). The isometric increase in attachment area indicates that as muscle forces increase, the attachment area increases accordingly, thus maintaining a constant interfacial stress. Due to the presence of constant stresses at the attachment, the micrometer-scale features may not need to vary with increasing load.

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Collagen fiber orientation at the tendon to bone insertion and its influence on stress concentrations

Cited by 223 publications

References 34 publications

Murine tendon function is adversely affected by aggrecan accumulation due to the knockout of ADAMTS5

Murine tendon function is adversely affected by aggrecan accumulation due to the knockout of ADAMTS5

Understanding Entheses: Bridging the Gap Between Clinical and Anthropological Perspectives

Allometry of the Tendon Enthesis: Mechanisms of Load Transfer Between Tendon and Bone

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