“…The body of research in the field of technology-supported TPD shows some approaches, models, and frameworks for creating mobile learning content that could reflect essential pedagogical elements in the mobile learning design, such as FRAME (Koole, 2009), CSAM (Power, 2013), Kellers' ARCS model (Keller, 1987(Keller, , 2013, transactional distance theory, activity theory, and the TPACK framework (Herring et al, 2016;Mishra & Koehler, 2006). Despite this, there is still no consensus on a holistic framework for a mobile-based TPD, as the mentioned models and frameworks are fragmented and their focus remains limited to a few pedagogical considerations, coupled with mobile instructional design.…”