Collaboration of epithelial cells with organized mucosal lymphoid tissues

Neutra, Marian R.; Mantis, Nicholas J.; Kraehenbuhl, Jean–Pierre

doi:10.1038/ni1101-1004

Cited by 506 publications

(384 citation statements)

References 79 publications

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“…The first level of protection is the impermeability of the intestinal epithelial barrier. In addition to serving as a protective barrier, the epithelium plays an active role in the intestinal immune response through its secretion of inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and antimicrobial peptides (1)(2)(3)(4). In the absence of pathogens, the intestinal epithelium maintains a controlled state of inflammation, whereas in the presence of a pathogen, acute inflammatory cells are recruited to the lamina propria and epithelium.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

β-Defensin-2 Expression Is Regulated by TLR Signaling in Intestinal Epithelial Cells

Vora¹,

Youdim²,

Thomas³

et al. 2004

The Journal of Immunology

320

225

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The intestinal epithelium serves as a barrier to the intestinal flora. In response to pathogens, intestinal epithelial cells (IEC) secrete proinflammatory cytokines. To aid in defense against bacteria, IEC also secrete antimicrobial peptides, termed defensins. The aim of our studies was to understand the role of TLR signaling in regulation of β-defensin expression by IEC. The effect of LPS and peptidoglycan on β-defensin-2 expression was examined in IEC lines constitutively or transgenically expressing TLRs. Regulation of β-defensin-2 was assessed using promoter-reporter constructs of the human β-defensin-2 gene. LPS and peptidoglycan stimulated β-defensin-2 promoter activation in a TLR4- and TLR2-dependent manner, respectively. A mutation in the NF-κB or AP-1 site within the β-defensin-2 promoter abrogated this response. In addition, inhibition of Jun kinase prevents up-regulation of β-defensin-2 protein expression in response to LPS. IEC respond to pathogen-associated molecular patterns with expression of the antimicrobial peptide β-defensin-2. This mechanism may protect the intestinal epithelium from pathogen invasion and from potential invaders among the commensal flora.

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

β-Defensin-2 Expression Is Regulated by TLR Signaling in Intestinal Epithelial Cells

Vora¹,

Youdim²,

Thomas³

et al. 2004

The Journal of Immunology

320

225

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…However, the epithelial barrier cannot completely prevent antigen uptake (Macdonald and Monteleone, 2005). Although the paracellular antigen entry by diffusion from the lumen is avoided by tight junctions at the apical poles, antigens can cross through breaks in tight junctions (Neutra et al, 2001). Additionally, the tightness of tight junctions can be affected by host mediators and soluble environmental factors (Bouhet et al, 2004).…”

Section: Piglet Immunity: Implications For the Oral Application Of Immentioning

confidence: 99%

Natural alternatives to in-feed antibiotics in pig production: can immunomodulators play a role?

Gallois¹,

Rothkötter

Bailey

et al. 2009

Animal

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As a result of the European ban of in-feed growth-promoting antibiotics, new strategies are being developed to increase the resistance to disease in farm animals. In pig production, this is of particular importance during the weaning transition when piglets are subjected to major stressful events, making them highly sensitive to digestive disorders. At this time, the development of both innate and adaptive immunity at the mucosal surface is critical in preventing the potential harmful effects of intestinal pathogenic agents. Strategies aiming at stimulating natural host defences through the use of substances able to modulate immune functions have gained increasing interest in animal research, and different bioactive components a priori sharing those properties have been the subject of in vivo nutritional investigations in pig. Among these, yeast derivates (b-glucans and mannans) are able to interact with immune cells, particularly phagocytic cells. However, studies where they have been fed to pigs have shown inconsistent results, suggesting that their ability to target the sensitive immune cells through the oral route is questionable. The plant extracts, which would benefit from a positive image in the public opinion, have also been tested. However, due to a lack of data on the bioactive components of particular plants and the large diversity of species, it has proved difficult to prepare extracts of equivalent potency and thus, the literature on their influence on pig immunity remains inconclusive. In considering piglet immunity and health benefits, the most promising results to date have been obtained with spray-dried animal plasma, whose positive effects would be provided by specific antibodies and nonspecific competition of some plasma components with bacteria for intestinal receptors. The major positive effect of spray-dried animal plasma is in reducing the infiltration of gut-associated lymphoid tissue by immune cells, which is likely to be the result of a decreased colonisation by potentially harmful bacteria. This review also highlights the limitations of some of the published in vivo studies on the immunomodulatory activity of certain feed additives. Among those, the lack of standardisation of extracts and the heterogeneity of piglet-rearing conditions (e.g. exposure to pathogens) are likely the most limiting.

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“…24,25 IgA has several functions in mucosal defense including the entrapment of antigens or pathogens in mucus to prevent them from direct contact with the mucosal surface. 15,26 In addition, sIgA may also block or provide steric hindrance to surfaces of pathogenic molecules that may inhibit their attachment to the epithelium. 27 The predominance of IgA in mucosal areas is a result of mutual collaboration between plasma cells and epithelial cells.…”

Section: Respiratory Epithelial Cellsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages), cytokines and chemokines perform an innate, non-specific and adaptive immune response to encounter the invasion of pathogenic organisms or immunogenic substances. 14,15 Nasopharynx-associated lymphoid tissue (NALT)…”

Section: Respiratory Epithelial Cellsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Proteolysis cleavage of the pIgR allows IgA to be secreted into mucosal secretions. 15,25,28 Mucosal vaccines New vaccine formulations should be able to induce innate and adaptive immune response; involving antigen-specific memory T and B cells that will respond effectively to the invading pathogens. 29,30 Interaction with pathogens or antigens can produce the IgA secretion as an antibody response.…”

Section: Respiratory Epithelial Cellsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Current prospects and future challenges for nasal vaccine delivery

Yusuf

Kett

2016

Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics

122

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Nasal delivery offers many benefits over traditional approaches to vaccine administration. These include ease of administration without needles that reduces issues associated with needlestick injuries and disposal. Additionally, this route offers easy access to a key part of the immune system that can stimulate other mucosal sites throughout the body. Increased acceptance of nasal vaccine products in both adults and children has led to a burgeoning pipeline of nasal delivery technology. Key challenges and opportunities for the future will include translating in vivo data to clinical outcomes. Particular focus should be brought to designing delivery strategies that take into account the broad range of diseases, populations and healthcare delivery settings that stand to benefit from this unique mucosal route. In this review the current state of the art in nasal vaccine delivery will be described along with future prospects. A brief introduction to the anatomy and physiology of the nasal cavity will highlight the advantages and disadvantages of the route. Encapsulation and presentation methods along with particular formulation considerations for the nasal route will also be discussed.There are many mucosal routes which have been regarded as potential sites for vaccine delivery such as oral, nasal, pulmonary, conjunctival, rectal and vaginal mucosa. However, for practical and cultural reasons researchers have tended to focus only on oral, nasal, and pulmonary administration. 1 Needlefree vaccines offer many advantages over traditional vaccination approaches including convenience, cost, ease of administration and disposal.There are several needle free methods of vaccination such as transdermal delivery and mucosal delivery. 2,3 Mucosal immunization has been successfully used in human vaccination. The human mucosal immune system is large and specialized in performing inspection for foreign antigens to protect the surfaces themselves and of course human body interior. Since most infections affect or start from mucosal surfaces, using a mucosal route of vaccination is of great interest and provides a rational reason to induce a protective immune response. 3 Nasal delivery of vaccine offers an easily accessible route to the immune system.The nose has the function of olfactory detection (sense of smell) and also filtration, humidification and temperature control of air as it enters the respiratory system. Moving from front to back the areas of the nasal cavity are the nasal vestibule, the respiratory region, and the olfactory region. The nasal cavity is divided by the septum to form the left and right nares, which lead into the left and right choana before opening onto the nasopharynx at the top of the throat. The turbinates bound the nasal walls and are responsible for air conditioning and the large mucosal surface area of the nasal cavity. The nose is also the main port of entry for many pathogens. The first barrier to foreign bodies is hair at the entrance to the nares, the nostrils, which successfully keeps ou...

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Collaboration of epithelial cells with organized mucosal lymphoid tissues

Cited by 506 publications

References 79 publications

β-Defensin-2 Expression Is Regulated by TLR Signaling in Intestinal Epithelial Cells

β-Defensin-2 Expression Is Regulated by TLR Signaling in Intestinal Epithelial Cells

Natural alternatives to in-feed antibiotics in pig production: can immunomodulators play a role?

Current prospects and future challenges for nasal vaccine delivery

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