Cold Weather Seasonality of Gastroenteritis Associated with Norwalk‐like Viruses

Mounts, Anthony W.; Ando, Tamie; Koopmans, Marion; Bresee, Joseph S.; Noel, Jacqueline S.; Glass, Roger I.

doi:10.1086/315586

Cited by 238 publications

(168 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…4 NoV variant emerges one might expect an increase in the frequency of detection of GII strains, as observed in this study. NoV outbreaks are mostly associated with peaks in winter, 41 whereas sporadic NoV gastroenteritis are detected continuously. 39,42 In this investigation NoVs were detected year round, with a peak in November and December.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emerging norovirus GII.4 2008 variant detected in hospitalised paediatric patients in South Africa

Mans

Villiers

Plessis

et al. 2010

Journal of Clinical Virology

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a b s t r a c tBackground: Noroviruses (NoVs) are important enteric pathogens that cause gastroenteritis worldwide. The first documented NoV outbreaks in South Africa (SA) were described in 1993. The current NoV prevalence and circulating genotypes are unknown. SA lacks NoV outbreak reporting systems and therefore the number and impact of NoV infections is underestimated. Objectives: This study aimed to determine the prevalence and genetic diversity of NoV infections in hospitalised paediatric patients with gastroenteritis in SA during 2008. Study design: Stool specimens referred for virological analysis from hospitalised children ≤13 years, with gastroenteritis, were screened for rotavirus, human adenovirus and human astrovirus by enzyme immunoassay and for NoV genogroup I (GI), II (GII) and sapovirus by real-time RT-PCR. NoV strains were genotyped, and variants identified, based on sequence and phylogenetic analyses of the 5 end or the full length of the capsid gene, respectively. Results: Rotavirus was the most prevalent virus detected in 24.2% (61/252) of specimens, followed by NoV in 14.3% (35/245) and adenovirus, astrovirus and sapovirus in 9.6%, 6.7% and 4% of specimens, respectively. NoVs were only detected in children ≤2 years. The GII NoVs (89%) predominated and eight types were identified with GII.4 (43%) detected most frequently. The emerging 2008 GII.4 variant represented 80% of the GII.4 strains. Conclusions: A diverse range of NoV genotypes were identified in hospitalised children with gastroenteritis. The 2008 GII.4 variant was the most frequently detected strain in the study. This is the first report of NoV GII.4 viruses in SA.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emerging norovirus GII.4 2008 variant detected in hospitalised paediatric patients in South Africa

Mans

Villiers

Plessis

et al. 2010

Journal of Clinical Virology

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“…Several studies show the occurrence of calicivirus, mainly NoV, during the colder months of the year (Xi et al 1990, Inouye et al 2000, Mounts et al 2000, while other show the circulation of these agents at different periods (Wright et al 1998, Greening et al 2001. The climate in the West Central region is sub-tropical and in Goiânia, temperatures are almost invariable throughout the year.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of calicivirus from fecal samples from children with acute gastroenteritis in the West Central region of Brazil

Borges¹,

Teixeira

Costa

et al. 2006

Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz

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“…12 Moreover, recent research has shown that by contrast, outbreaks in the southern hemisphere tend to occur in warmer months. 13,14 In addition, one study found a strong association between rainfall and norovirus outbreaks in Australia. 15 This suggests that rainfall may also be an important factor in norovirus outbreaks.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantification of Human Norovirus GII on Hands of Mothers with Children Under the Age of Five Years in Bagamoyo, Tanzania

Mattioli¹,

Davis²,

Mrisho³

et al. 2015

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Abstract. Human noroviruses are the most common cause of viral gastroenteritis worldwide and one of the leading causes of viral diarrhea in children under the age of 5 years. Hands have been shown to play an important role in norovirus transmission. Norovirus outbreaks tend to exhibit strong seasonality, most often occurring during cold, dry months, but recently have also been documented during hot, dry winter months in the southern hemisphere. Other research suggests that rainfall is an important factor in norovirus outbreaks. This study examines the prevalence and concentration of human norovirus GII on the hands of mothers in Bagamoyo, Tanzania, during the rainy and dry seasons. Norovirus GII was detected in approximately 5% of hand rinse samples during both the rainy and dry seasons. Fecal indicator bacteria levels, Escherichia coli and enterococci, in hand rinse samples were not associated with norovirus hand contamination. Turbidity of the hand rinses was found to be associated with norovirus presence on mothers' hands; however, this relationship was only observed during the rainy season. The results suggest mothers' hands serve as a source of norovirus exposure for young children in Tanzanian households, and further work is needed to determine better indicators of norovirus contamination in these environments.

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Cold Weather Seasonality of Gastroenteritis Associated with Norwalk‐like Viruses

Cited by 238 publications

References 13 publications

Emerging norovirus GII.4 2008 variant detected in hospitalised paediatric patients in South Africa

Emerging norovirus GII.4 2008 variant detected in hospitalised paediatric patients in South Africa

Detection of calicivirus from fecal samples from children with acute gastroenteritis in the West Central region of Brazil

Quantification of Human Norovirus GII on Hands of Mothers with Children Under the Age of Five Years in Bagamoyo, Tanzania

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