Cold Treatment and Forcing Temperature Influence Flowering of Campanula carpatica `Blue Clips'

Whitman, Catherine M.; Heins, Royal D.; Cameron, A. Colin; Carlson, William H.

doi:10.21273/hortsci.32.5.861

Cited by 18 publications

(23 citation statements)

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“…'Sunray', Leucanthemum ×superbum Bergman ex J. Ingram 'Snowcap', Rudbeckia fulgida Ait. 'Goldsturm' (Yuan et al, 1998), Campanula carpatica 'Blue Clips' (Whitman et al, 1997), Coreopsis verticillata L. 'Moonbeam', Campanula 'Birch Hybrid', and other herbaceous perennials (Frane, 1999).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Flower size decreased with increasing temperature in Galinsoga parviflora Cavan., Agrostemma githago L. (Knapp, 1957); Campanula carpatica Jacq. 'Blue Clips' (Whitman et al, 1997), Gaillardia ×grandiflora Van Houtte 'Goblin', Leucanthemum ×superbum Bergman ex J. Ingram 'Snowcap' ('Snowcap' Shasta daisy), Coreopsis grandiflora Hogg ex Sweet Many species of Oenothera L. have been cultivated since the early 1800s when they were brought from North and South America to England, where they became popular garden plants (Wiesner, 1991). Oenothera fruticosa, or sundrops, is native to eastern North America and hardy in USDA zones 4 through 8.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Flowering of many herbaceous perennials is influenced by vernalization and photoperiod (Iversen and Weiler, 1994;Runkle et al, 1998;Whitman et al, 1996Whitman et al, ,1997. Vernalization can be defined as the promotion of flower formation by a period of low temperatures, generally between -5 and 15 °C, with a broad optimum between 1 and 7 °C (Lang, 1965).…”

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Growth and Development of Oenothera fruticosa Is Influenced by Vernalization Duration, Photoperiod, Forcing Temperature, and Plant Growth Regulators

Clough¹,

Cameron²,

Heins³

et al. 2001

jashs

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Influences of vernalization duration, photoperiod, forcing temperature, and plant growth regulators (PGRs) on growth and development of Oenothera fruticosa L. `Youngii-lapsley' (`Youngii-lapsley' sundrops) were determined. Young plants were vernalized at 5 °C for 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, or 15 weeks under a 9-hour photoperiod and subsequently forced in a 20 °C greenhouse under a 16-hour photoperiod. Only one plant in 2 years flowered without vernalization, while all plants flowered after receiving a vernalization treatment, regardless of its duration. Thus, O. fruticosa had a nearly obligate vernalization requirement. Time to visible bud and flower decreased by ≈1 week as vernalization duration increased from 3 to 15 weeks. All plants flowered under 10-, 12-, 13-, 14-, 16-, or 24-hour photoperiods or a 4-hour night interruption (NI) in a 20 °C greenhouse following 15-weeks vernalization at 5 °C. Time to flower decreased by ≈2 weeks, flower number decreased, and plant height increased as photoperiod increased from 10 to 16 hours. Days to flower, number of new nodes, and flower number under 24 hour and NI were similar to that of plants grown under a 16-hour photoperiod. In a separate study, plants were vernalized for 15 weeks and then forced under a 16-h photoperiod at 15.2, 18.2, 20.6, 23.8, 26.8, or 29.8 °C (average daily temperatures). Plants flowered 35 days faster at 29.8 °C but were 18 cm shorter than those grown at 15.2 °C. In addition, plants grown at 29.8 °C produced only one-sixth the number of flowers (with diameters that were 3.0 cm smaller) than plants grown at 15.2 °C. Days to visible bud and flowering were converted to rates, and base temperature (Tb) and thermal time to flowering (degree-days) were calculated as 4.4 °C and 606 °days, respectively. Effects of foliar applications of ancymidol (100 mg·L-1), chlormequat (1500 mg·L-1), paclobutrazol (30 mg·L-1), daminozide (5000 mg·L-1), and uniconazole (15 mg·L-1) were determined on plants vernalized for 19 weeks and then forced at 20 °C under a 16-h photoperiod. Three spray applications of uniconazole reduced plant height at first flower by 31% compared with that of nontreated controls. All other PGRs did not affect plant growth. Chemical names used: α-cyclopropyl-α-(4-methoxyphenyl)-5-pyrimidinemethanol (ancymidol); (2-chloroethyl) trimethylammonium chloride (chlormequat); butanedioic acid mono-(2,2-dimethyl hydrazide) (daminozide); (2R,3R+2S,3S)-1-(4-chlorophenyl-4,4-dimethyl-2-[1,2,4-triazol-1-yl]) (paclobutrazol); (E)-(S)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-4,4-dimethyl-2-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)-pent-1-ene-3-ol (uniconazole).

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Growth and Development of Oenothera fruticosa Is Influenced by Vernalization Duration, Photoperiod, Forcing Temperature, and Plant Growth Regulators

Clough¹,

Cameron²,

Heins³

et al. 2001

jashs

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“…The period of pre-anthesis temperatures examined varies in previous reports from, for example, dormancy to full bloom (Alburquerque et al, 2008), from one month before anthesis to petal fall (Beppu et al, 1997), or from the separation of bud scale and initial protrusion of sepals to 50% full bloom (Rodrigo and Herrerro, 2002). During anthesis, high temperature can hasten flowering but also decrease flower numbers, reduce pistil weight and style length, and reduce corolla diameter (Adams et al, 1997;Whitman et al, 1997;Niu et al, 2001a). High pre-bloom temperature is also reported to cause underdevelopment of pistils in apricot (Ruiz and Egea, 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sweet cherry floral organ size varies with genotype and temperature

Zhang¹,

Ampatzidis²,

Whiting³

2015

Scientia Horticulturae

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“…Campanula carpatica 'Blue Clips', 'Deep Blue Clips', and Campanula 'Birch Hybrid' are popular garden perennial species that have numerous, blue, bell-shaped flowers and can be grown as flowering potted plants. 'Blue Clips' (Whitman et al, 1997) and 'Deep Blue Clips' (unpublished data) plants have no vernalization requirement and have an obligate long-day requirement for flowering, while 'Birch Hybrid' (Finical et al, 1998) plants have an obligate vernalization requirement but are day-neutral for flowering.…”

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Temperature and Daily Light Integral Influence Plant Quality and Flower Development of Campanula carpatica 'Blue Clips', 'Deep Blue Clips', and Campanula 'Birch Hybrid'

Niu¹,

Heins²,

Cameron³

et al. 2001

HortSci

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The effects of temperature on flower size and number of flower buds of Campanula carpatica Jacq. 'Blue Clips', 'Deep Blue Clips', and Campanula 'Birch Hybrid' were investigated in four temperature and light-transfer experiments. In year 1, 'Blue Clips' and 'Birch Hybrid' plants were grown initially at 20 °C and then transferred at visible flower bud (VB) to 14, 17, 20, 23, or 26 °C until flower (Expt. 1). In Expt. 2, 'Blue Clips' and 'Birch Hybrid' plants were transferred from 14 to 26 °C or from 26 to 14 °C at various intervals after flower induction. Flower size of both species was negatively correlated with average daily temperature (ADT) after VB; flowers on plants grown at 14 °C were 35% larger than those on plants grown at 26 °C. In contrast, temperature before VB had only a small effect on final flower size in both species, although flower diameter of 'Birch Hybrid' plants grown at constant 26 °C was 20% smaller than that of the plants grown initially at 20°C and then transferred to VB to 26 °C. For both species, the longer the exposure to high temperature after VB, the smaller the flowers. Number of flower buds at flower in 'Birch Hybrid' decreased as ADT after VB increased. In year 2, 'Deep Blue Clips' plants were grown at constant 20 °C under high or low daily light integral (DLI, 17 or 5.7 mol·m-2·d-1) until VB, and then transferred to 14, 17, 20, 23, or 26 °C under high or low DLI (Expt. 3). In Expt. 4, 'Deep Blue Clips' plants were grown at 14, 17, 20, 23, or 26 °C until VB, and then transferred to constant 20 °C under high or low DLI until flower. Flower size (petal length) was negatively correlated with ADT both before and after VB, while flower bud number was negatively correlated with the ADT only after VB, regardless of DLI. In both experiments, petal length decreased by 0.3 to 0.5 mm per 1 °C increase in ADT before or after VB. Flowers were larger and more numerous under high than under low DLIs after VB, regardless of the DLI before VB.

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Cold Treatment and Forcing Temperature Influence Flowering of Campanula carpatica `Blue Clips'

Cited by 18 publications

References 0 publications

Growth and Development of Oenothera fruticosa Is Influenced by Vernalization Duration, Photoperiod, Forcing Temperature, and Plant Growth Regulators

Growth and Development of Oenothera fruticosa Is Influenced by Vernalization Duration, Photoperiod, Forcing Temperature, and Plant Growth Regulators

Sweet cherry floral organ size varies with genotype and temperature

Temperature and Daily Light Integral Influence Plant Quality and Flower Development of Campanula carpatica 'Blue Clips', 'Deep Blue Clips', and Campanula 'Birch Hybrid'

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