Cold start cycling durability of fuel cell stacks for commercial automotive applications

Takahashi, Tsuyoshi; Kokubo, Yohsuke; Murata, Kazuya; Hotaka, Osamu; Hasegawa, Shigeki; Tachikawa, Yuya; Nishihara, Masamichi; Matsuda, Junko; Kitahara, Tatsumi; Lyth, Stephen M.; Hayashi, Akari; Sasaki, Kazunari

doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2022.09.172

Cited by 14 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 25 publications

(22 reference statements)

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“…Neutron imaging was conducted using the RADEN instrument of the Materials and Life Science Experimental Facility at J-PARC 19 . The proton beam power was 770 kW.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…TOYOTA MIRAI is equipped with a stack of several hundred cells, which are warmed up by self-heating during a cold start and can break through 0 °C before it becomes difficult to generate power, thus enabling a cold start from –30 °C. Previous studies have pointed out that it is important for the produced water to remain supercooled state until the freezing point is broken 17 – 19 . A cold-start experiment with a practical-sized PEFCs is needed to investigate the effect of self-heating on the cold-start capability.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Experimental visualization of water/ice phase distribution at cold start for practical-sized polymer electrolyte fuel cells

Higuchi,

Yoshimune,

Kato

et al. 2024

Commun Eng

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The automotive industry aims to ensure the cold-start capability of polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs) for developing fuel cell electric vehicles that can be driven in cold climates. Water and ice behavior is a key factor in maintaining this capability. Previously reported methods for visualizing water and/or ice are limited to small-sized PEFCs ( < 50 cm2), while fuel cell electric vehicles are equipped with larger PEFCs. Here, we developed a system using a pulsed spallation neutron beam to visualize water distribution and identify water/ice phases in practical-sized PEFCs at a cold start. The results show direct evidence of a stepwise freezing behavior inside the PEFC. The produced water initially accumulated at the center of the PEFC and then froze, followed by PEFC shutdown as freezing progressed. This study can serve as a reference to guide the development of cold-start protocols, cell design, and materials for next-generation fuel cell electric vehicles.

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“…Neutron imaging was conducted using the RADEN instrument of the Materials and Life Science Experimental Facility at J-PARC 19 . The proton beam power was 770 kW.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental visualization of water/ice phase distribution at cold start for practical-sized polymer electrolyte fuel cells

Higuchi,

Yoshimune,

Kato

et al. 2024

Commun Eng

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“…This work establishes a baseline for evaluating other materials, FCS, and hybrid configurations. [12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20] z E-mail: walia@anl.gov a Efforts are underway to develop and calibrate an MEA AST for heavy-duty trucks.…”

Section: List Of Symbolmentioning

confidence: 99%

Performance and Durability of Hybrid Fuel Cell Systems for Class-8 Long Haul Trucks

Ahluwalia,

Wang

2024

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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We investigated hybrid fuel cell-battery configurations that overcome thermal management issues in fuel cell powertrains for heavy-duty Class 8 trucks. The battery is sized so that it has sufficient capacity to provide supplemental power and energy on a hill climb transient at end-of-life. A dynamic load sharing strategy is developed to distribute the power demand between the fuel cell system (FCS) and the energy storage system in a manner that optimizes their lifetimes. The FCS end-of-life is identified as the terminal point beyond which the stack cannot generate the rated power with target power density at 0.7 V and 40°C ambient temperature. Reaching the target lifetime with a-Pt/C cathode catalyst in one hybrid configuration requires voltage clipping to 813 mV, idle power limited to 50 kW, catalyst overloading to 0.45 mg/cm2 total Pt in anode and cathode, and 44% active membrane area oversizing. The stack and FCS drive cycle efficiencies decrease by 4.2 % and 5.4%, respectively, during the electrode lifetime. The FCS performance, durability and cost are compared with the targets of 68% peak efficiency, 0.30 mg/cm2 total Pt loading, 2.5 kW/gPGM Pt group metal (PGM) loading, 750 mW/cm2 power density, 25,000-h lifetime and $80/kW cost.

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“…Others, however, also address the fundamental question of up to what starting temperature successful frost starts are still possible (cf. [5,[8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24]).…”

Section: Literature Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Experimental research of frost starts on test benches is expensive and time-consuming. In addition to the costly purchase of the cooling units, the tests also require a great amount of time, since the cells must be carefully conditioned, dried, and frozen before each frost Energies 2023, 16, 6534 2 of 26 start procedure. Only in this way can the same initial conditions be created for each frost start test [4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of Ice Formation during Start-Up of PEM Fuel Cells at Subzero Temperatures Using Experimental and Simulative Methods

Schmitz,

Bahr,

Gößling

et al. 2023

Energies

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Freeze start is a challenge in the commercialization of PEM fuel cells. In this study, ice formation in cell layers is investigated through experiments and simulations. Segmentation of the fuel cell on the test bench allows to determine the local distributions of current density and high frequency resistance over the active cell area. The location and timing of ice formation are analyzed in the experiments. It is shown that the formation of ice lenses can be detected by local measurements of the high frequency resistances. Then, a multiphysical CFD model is built and validated with the measurements and the commonalities and differences between the model results and the experiments are studied. It is shown that the model determines the freeze start behavior very well in wide operating ranges. Together with the findings from the experimental investigations, the model will finally be used to investigate local ice formation in detail.

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Cold start cycling durability of fuel cell stacks for commercial automotive applications

Cited by 14 publications

References 25 publications

Experimental visualization of water/ice phase distribution at cold start for practical-sized polymer electrolyte fuel cells

Experimental visualization of water/ice phase distribution at cold start for practical-sized polymer electrolyte fuel cells

Performance and Durability of Hybrid Fuel Cell Systems for Class-8 Long Haul Trucks

Analysis of Ice Formation during Start-Up of PEM Fuel Cells at Subzero Temperatures Using Experimental and Simulative Methods

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