Cold shock-induced norepinephrine triggers apoptosis of haemocytes via caspase-3 in the white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei

The effects of the stress response on immune function in invertebrates: An evolutionary perspective on an ancient connection

“…In invertebrates, the acute stress response begins with the rapid release of a biogenic amine, just as it does in vertebrates (typically dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine, octopamine and/or serotonin) (Charmandari et al, 2005;Ottaviani and Franceschi, 1996;Sneddon et al, 2000;Adamo, 2008a;Chang et al, 2009). For example, mollusks (Lacoste et al, 2001a) release norepinephrine (NE) during acute stress, while insects release norepinephrine's chemical cousin, octopamine (OA) (Orchard et al, 1993).…”

“…In scallops (Chlamys farreri) 1 week of low salinity leads to chronically elevated levels of epinephrine and NE (Chen et al, 2008). One week of cold stress results in chronically increased NE levels in shrimp (L. vannamei) (Chang et al, 2009). Chang (2005) found that parasitism elevates levels of CHH in the Norway lobster (Nephrops norvegicus).…”

The acute modulation of norepinephrine on immune responses and genes expressions via adrenergic receptors in the giant freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii

“…The details of measurements were described previously [4]. The concentration is expressed as pmole/mL.…”

“…In addition, a transient period of modulation of energy metabolism, osmoregulation, and respiratory responses were also demonstrated in L. vannamei received NE [9]. Chang et al [4] reported that NE played an important role in the apoptosis of haemocytes in L. vannamei under hypothermal stress, and these caused depressive effects on immunological responses. Taking into account the immunological and physiological roles of NE in M. rosenbergii and its resistance to pathogenic or environmental stress, the acute modulation of NE on immune responses and genes expressions within 2 h are of primary concern.…”

“…Catecholamines (CAs) including norepinephrine (NE) are the first hormones in response to physiological stress trigger a broad spectrum of biochemical and physiological alterations including hyperglycemia and modulation of immunity [3,4]. M. rosenbergii exposed to stressful conditions such as hypoxia, cold shock, high levels of ammonia and pH values exhibited immunosuppression and had increased susceptibility to pathogen infection [5].…”