Cold Resistance and Injury in Woody Plants

Weiser, C. J.

doi:10.1126/science.169.3952.1269

Cited by 675 publications

(160 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…This strategy protects against the sudden arrival of winter. Later in winter, they might anticipate spring by breaking dormancy while the freezing tolerance remains high (Weiser, 1970). It is not known whether the mechanism underlying the seasonal cycle of growth and dormancy in perennial plants is the same or similar to that in axillary buds of herbaceous plants.…”

Section: Biological Functions Of Dormancy and Apical Dominancementioning

confidence: 99%

Control of Outgrowth and Dormancy in Axillary Buds

2001

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The shoot system has an important role in generating a large variety of diverse plant forms (Steeves and Sussex, 1989). The overall architecture of the shoot system is derived from the activity of the primary shoot apical meristem (SAM), arising during embryogenesis, together with the activity of the additional meristems subsequently formed after seed germination. The primary SAM provides the main axis of the plant body. Plant architecture is further modified by shoot branching that results from the activity of the additional meristems. The complexity of the branching pattern depends on the temporal and spatial development of these branches. These characteristics, although they are plastic in their response to environmental cues, are genetically determined. The developmental program that specifies branching patterns in different plant species is fundamentally important for generating species-specific plant forms.The shoot branching process generally involves two developmental stages: the formation of axillary meristems in the leaf axils and the growth of axillary buds. In many plant species, the growth of axillary meristems is inhibited by the primary shoot or primary inflorescence. This phenomenon is generally known as apical dominance. The plant hormones auxin and cytokinin are thought to have a major role in controlling this process (Phillips, 1975;Cline, 1994;Tamas, 1995;Napoli et al., 1999). Auxin has an inhibitory effect on the growth of axillary buds, whereas cytokinin promotes axillary bud outgrowth. The mechanisms of axillary bud outgrowth depend on the ratio of these two hormones rather than the absolute levels of either hormone.A variety of experimental approaches have been used to examine the mechanisms controlling dormancy and outgrowth of axillary buds. These range from physiological studies, such as measurement and exogenous application of plant hormones, to analyses of transgenic plants overexpressing hormone biosynthetic genes to alter endogenous hormone levels. Isolation and characterization of mutations that cause alterations in shoot branching patterns are powerful approaches. These molecular genetic approaches combined with the conventional physiological studies, such as grafting experiments, revealed that not only do auxin and cytokinin function to control the growth of axillary buds, but other factors and/or signals also have important roles. More recently, the genes expressed in dormant axillary buds were isolated and characterized.This review focuses on recent findings uncovered by physiological, genetic, and molecular studies and approaches to investigate the control of shoot branching, apical dominance, and dormancy in plants. DEVELOPMENT AND POTENTIAL OF AXILLARY MERISTEMS

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Section: Biological Functions Of Dormancy and Apical Dominancementioning

confidence: 99%

Control of Outgrowth and Dormancy in Axillary Buds

2001

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“…In late summer and early autumn the decrease of the daylength is a signal that initiates cold hardening, a transition of physiological processes that allow hardy plants to survive severe winter conditions. The cold hardening process includes the cessation of growth and long-term changes in the metabolism of the tree (Weiser, 1970;Bigras et al, 2001). Short days are supposed to induce the cold hardening most effectively, whereas decreasing temperatures affect this process only to some extent (Christersson, 1978).…”

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confidence: 99%

Increased Air Temperature during Simulated Autumn Conditions Does Not Increase Photosynthetic Carbon Gain But Affects the Dissipation of Excess Energy in Seedlings of the Evergreen Conifer Jack Pine

2007

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Temperature and daylength act as environmental signals that determine the length of the growing season in boreal evergreen conifers. Climate change might affect the seasonal development of these trees, as they will experience naturally decreasing daylength during autumn, while at the same time warmer air temperature will maintain photosynthesis and respiration. We characterized the down-regulation of photosynthetic gas exchange and the mechanisms involved in the dissipation of energy in Jack pine (Pinus banksiana) in controlled environments during a simulated summer-autumn transition under natural conditions and conditions with altered air temperature and photoperiod. Using a factorial design, we dissected the effects of daylength and temperature. Control plants were grown at either warm summer conditions with 16-h photoperiod and 22°C or conditions representing a cool autumn with 8 h/7°C. To assess the impact of photoperiod and temperature on photosynthesis and energy dissipation, plants were also grown under either cold summer (16-h photoperiod/7°C) or warm autumn conditions (8-h photoperiod/22°C). Photosynthetic gas exchange was affected by both daylength and temperature. Assimilation and respiration rates under warm autumn conditions were only about one-half of the summer values but were similar to values obtained for cold summer and natural autumn treatments. In contrast, photosynthetic efficiency was largely determined by temperature but not by daylength. Plants of different treatments followed different strategies for dissipating excess energy. Whereas in the warm summer treatment safe dissipation of excess energy was facilitated via zeaxanthin, in all other treatments dissipation of excess energy was facilitated predominantly via increased aggregation of the light-harvesting complex of photosystem II. These differences were accompanied by a lower deepoxidation state and larger amounts of b-carotene in the warm autumn treatment as well as by changes in the abundance of thylakoid membrane proteins compared to the summer condition. We conclude that photoperiod control of dormancy in Jack pine appears to negate any potential for an increased carbon gain associated with higher temperatures during the autumn season.

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“…The timing of SD-regulated responses such as bud set, cambial growth cessation, and cold acclimation differs among genotypes and populations (Weiser, 1970;Howe et al, 1995;Ogren, 1999;Holliday et al, 2008). In aspen, these differences have been primarily associated with the differential perception of SDs (Bohlenius et al, 2006), but it is not known whether components in the downstream signaling machinery play important roles as well in this process.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These changes are often initiated before the onset of cold temperatures because trees respond to photoperiodic signals. Photoperiods shorter than a "critical daylength" induce the cessation of elongation growth and cambial cell division; formation of a terminal resting bud (or shoot tip abscission in some species); initiation of cold acclimation; and development of bud dormancy (Nitsch, 1957;Weiser, 1970;Olsen et al, 1997;Rohde et al, 2002;Espinosa-Ruiz et al, 2004;Druart et al, 2007). In response to short days (SDs) and low temperatures, metabolism shifts toward the production of storage compounds such as vegetative storage proteins (Clausen and Apel, 1991), and other biochemical and physical changes are initiated that allow plants to withstand extremely low temperatures (Weiser, 1970;Welling et al, 2002).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Photoperiods shorter than a "critical daylength" induce the cessation of elongation growth and cambial cell division; formation of a terminal resting bud (or shoot tip abscission in some species); initiation of cold acclimation; and development of bud dormancy (Nitsch, 1957;Weiser, 1970;Olsen et al, 1997;Rohde et al, 2002;Espinosa-Ruiz et al, 2004;Druart et al, 2007). In response to short days (SDs) and low temperatures, metabolism shifts toward the production of storage compounds such as vegetative storage proteins (Clausen and Apel, 1991), and other biochemical and physical changes are initiated that allow plants to withstand extremely low temperatures (Weiser, 1970;Welling et al, 2002). The proper temporal orchestration of these SD responses is underpinned by highly coordinated changes in the transcriptome, as has been shown by microarray analyses of global gene expression in the apices and cambia of a variety of tree species (Schrader et al, 2004a;Druart et al, 2007;Ruttink et al, 2007;Holliday et al, 2008).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Components Acting Downstream of Short Day Perception Regulate Differential Cessation of Cambial Activity and Associated Responses in Early and Late Clones of Hybrid Poplar

et al. 2010

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Short days (SDs) in autumn induce growth cessation, bud set, cold acclimation, and dormancy in trees of boreal and temperate forests, and these responses occur earlier in northern than in southern genotypes. Nevertheless, we know little about whether this variation results from differential perception of SDs or differential downstream responses to the SD signal or a combination of the two. We compared global patterns of SD-regulated gene expression in the stems of hybrid poplar (Populus trichocarpa 3 Populus deltoides) clones that differ in their SD-induced growth cessation in order to address this question. The timing of cessation of cambial cell division caused by SDs differed between the clones and was coincident with the change in the pattern of expression of the auxin-regulated genes. The clones also differed in the timing of their SD-regulated changes in the transcript abundance of genes associated with cold tolerance, starch breakdown, and storage protein accumulation. By analyzing the expression of homologs of FLOWERING LOCUS T, we demonstrated that the clones differed little in their perception of SDs under the growth conditions applied but differed substantially in the downstream responses manifested in the timing and magnitude of gene expression after SD treatment. These results demonstrate the existence of factors that act downstream of SD perception and can contribute to variation in SD-regulated adaptive photoperiodic responses in trees.

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Cold Resistance and Injury in Woody Plants

Cited by 675 publications

References 47 publications

Control of Outgrowth and Dormancy in Axillary Buds

Control of Outgrowth and Dormancy in Axillary Buds

Increased Air Temperature during Simulated Autumn Conditions Does Not Increase Photosynthetic Carbon Gain But Affects the Dissipation of Excess Energy in Seedlings of the Evergreen Conifer Jack Pine

Components Acting Downstream of Short Day Perception Regulate Differential Cessation of Cambial Activity and Associated Responses in Early and Late Clones of Hybrid Poplar

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