Cold load pickup model parameters based on measurements in distribution systems

Hachmann, Christian; Lammert, Gustav; Hamann, Lucas; Braun, Martin

doi:10.1049/iet-gtd.2018.6524

Cited by 11 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 27 publications

(48 reference statements)

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“…In [6], the authors described a measurement-based approach to evaluate the CLPU after an outage by means of an exponential formulation which is parametrized by exploiting experimental data.…”

Section: A Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In technical literature [4][5][6][7], it is established that for such loads, in the first instants after a re-energization following an outage, the absorbed power is much higher than the power PSS absorbed in the steady state condition, which is gradually reached after some time with a monotonically decreasing trend. This is the above mentioned CLPU phenomenon.…”

Section: A the Idea Behind The Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Novel Dynamic Load Modeling for Power Systems Restoration: An Experimental Validation on Active Distribution Networks

et al. 2022

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In this paper, a novel approach to assess the power demand of distribution networks during a restoration process following an outage is presented. The possibility of correctly estimating such power demand represents a very important support in the choice and management of reliable restoration paths which significantly contributes to increase the resilience of the power system. In fact, due to the ever-growing penetration of renewable energy sources in the worldwide networks, electrical systems are often pushed to operate closer to their design limits and so, in particular conditions, black outs can be more frequent compared to the past. In this context, the aim of this work is to develop a general expression which can consider and represent all the key elements which affect the active and reactive power demand of distribution grids during the restoration process. The proposed method considers also the relationship between distributed generation and frequency behaviour in the power demand estimation. This aspect is generally neglected in literature although it has a significative impact. The effectiveness of the present approach is experimentally demonstrated on field. More specifically, the developed tool is applied to estimate the power demand of two real distribution networks and the tool results are compared with on-field recordings. This comparison demonstrates that the proposed approach represents a promising tool which, together with the restoration tests, could be an important ally in the design and management of the restoration plan of electrical networks.INDEX TERMS Load modelling, Cold load pick up, Black start, power system restoration, modelling of distributed generation.

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Section: A Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: A the Idea Behind The Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Novel Dynamic Load Modeling for Power Systems Restoration: An Experimental Validation on Active Distribution Networks

et al. 2022

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“…This behaviour needs to be considered in order to assess frequency as well as voltage stability during restoration [5][6][7][8][9][10]. In order to improve the fidelity of time domain simulations in this field, we present an investigation of measurements recorded after 31 actual reconnection events with corresponding outage durations of up to 5.9 h, their fit to simplified models and the adequacy of these models for simulation studies.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cold Load Pickup Model Adequacy for Power System Restoration Studies

2022

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When a grid section is re-energized after an interruption, the load behaviour can be significantly different from normal operation. In this manuscript, the impact of the phenomenon—known as cold load pickup—is investigated by evaluating 31 time series measured after network outages in Austria and Germany. Its impact on power system restoration and the adequacy of the most common type of simplified model for such investigations is assessed by the time domain simulation of a restoration setting involving the parallel operation of conventional and renewable generation. Parameter distributions are provided for the exponential decay and the delayed exponential decay model with the aim of facilitating meaningful consideration of the phenomenon in time domain simulations of power system restoration. The benefits and limitations of these models are assessed by comparison of time domain simulation results using either the normalized raw data, an exponential decay model or a step-wise active power chance to reflect load behaviour. It is shown that using an exponential decay model leads to higher fidelity of simulation results with respect to the resulting steady-state active power sharing among generators than just applying a step-wise power change in the simulation.

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“…According to [13] the CLPU phenomenon is the case for almost any load that interacts with any kind of storage, i.e. : thermal storage in heating and cooling and electrochemical storage such as batteries.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Accordingly, in [23] by using smart meter data and non‐linear auto‐regression model, CLPU demand is predicted without the need for developing specific load models. Also, in [13] a realistic parameter set for the CLPU curve (current or power) model is provided. The model parameters are derived from ten recent outages in German distribution systems.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%